Principles of European environmental law : proceedings of the Avosetta Group of European Environmental Lawyers / edited by Richard Macrory ; with Ian Havercroft and Ray Purdy.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

CHAPTER 1 Principles into Practice 3 (8)
Richard Macrory
CHAPTER 2 The Legal Nature of Environmental Principles in International, EC and German Law
Gerd Winter
I Overview of environmental propositions called principles
11 (2)
II The legal nature of environmental principles
13 (14)
1. Principles and policies
13 (2)
2. Principles and rules
15 (2)
3. Principles and the hierarchy of norms
17 (5)
a) General remark
17 (2)
b) German law
19 (1)
c) EC law
19 (2)
d) International law
21 (1)
4 Judicial review of principles
22 (9)
a) The context of providing powers
23 (2)
b) The context of commanding action
25 (2)
III Conclusion
27 (4)
CHAPTER 3 The Genesis of EC Environmental Principles
Ludwig Kr��mer
1 The birth
31 (2)
1.1 The origins
31 (1)
1.2 Principles in action programmes
32 (1)
2 The integration principle
33 (5)
2.1 Origins
33 (1)
2.2 Treaty amendments
34 (1)
2.3 Procedures inside the Commission
35 (1)
2.4 Sectoral initiatives
36 (1)
2.5 Cardiff process; impact assessments
37 (1)
3 The principle of preventive action
38 (1)
4 The precautionary principle
38 (3)
4.1 Birth of the principle
38 (1)
4.2 Precaution and prevention
39 (1)
4.3 Content
39 (2)
5 The rectification of environmental damage at source
41 (2)
5.1 Origins
41 (1)
5.2 Application
42 (1)
6 The polluter pays principle
43 (4)
6.1 Origins
43 (1)
6.2 State aids
44 (1)
6.3 EC law
45 (1)
6.4 Environmental liability
46 (1)
7 Concluding remarks
47 (4)
CHAPTER 4 The Precautionary Principle before the European Courts
Joanne Scott
I The status of the precautionary principle according to the case law of the European courts
51 (5)
II The implications of the precautionary principle
56 (11)
III The WTO and the elaboration of the precautionary principle
67 (8)
CHAPTER 5 European Environmental Law Principles in Belgian Jurisprudence
Luc Lavrysen
1 Introduction
75 (1)
2 The polluter pays principle
76 (5)
2.1 The Court of Arbitration
76 (1)
2.2 The Flemish Wastewater Tax case
77 (2)
2.3 The Walloon Waste Tax case
79 (1)
2.4 The Flemish Cooling Water Tax case
80 (1)
3 The precautionary principle
81 (5)
3.1 The Aubange-messancy Transmission Line case
82 (1)
3.2 The Wilrijk Waste Incinerator case
83 (2)
3.3 The Sint-Niklaas Waste Incinerator case
85 (1)
4 The prevention at source principle
86 (1)
5 The constitutional rights on the protection of a healthy environment and of privacy - The stand still principle
87 (4)
5.1 The constitutional rights
87 (1)
5.2 The Zolder Race Circuit case
88 (1)
5.3 The Bierset Airport case
88 (2)
5.4 The Brussels National Airport Night Flights case
90 (1)
6 Conclusion
91 (4)
CHAPTER 6 Implementation and Application of Environmental Principles in Danish Law
Peter Pagh
95 (6)
CHAPTER 7 Principles into Practice - The German Case
Bernhard W. Wegener
Introduction
101 (2)
I The precautionary principle
103 (7)
A. Precaution in the field of air quality protection and emission control
104 (4)
1 Precaution under the 'Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz'
105 (1)
2 The precautionary principle and the question of standing
105 (2)
3 Precaution and the justification of environmental protection
107 (1)
B. Precaution as a constitutional obligation
108 (2)
II The polluter pays principle
110 (1)
III The cooperation principle
111 (4)
CHAPTER 8 The Environmental Principles of the EC Treaty as a Legal Basis for judicial Decisions in the Italian Case
Law Stefano Grassi
1 Introductory remarks
115 (8)
2.1 The need for precautionary protection in the case law of the Constitutional Court
116 (2)
2.2 The enforcement of the precautionary principle in civil case law
118 (2)
2.3 The precautionary approach in administrative case law
120 (1)
2.4 The precautionary principle in criminal case law
121 (1)
2.5 The principle that preventive action should be taken in Italian case law
122 (1)
3 The principle that the polluter should pay in Italian case law
123 (1)
4 The integration principle and the division of powers in a federal state
123 (1)
5 The direct effects of EC environmental principles in Italian case law
124 (9)
Further Observations on the Application of EC Environmental Principles before Italian National Courts
Massimiliano Montini
127 (6)
CHAPTER 9 European Environmental Principles in Dutch Case Law
Liselotte Smorenburg-van Middelkoop
1 Introduction
133 (4)
1.1 Legal principles and Dutch courts
133 (1)
1.2 The provenance of European environmental principles in the Netherlands
134 (3)
1.2.1 The polluter pays principle (het beginsel de vervuiler betaalt)
134 (1)
1.2.2 The precautionary principle (het voorzorgsbeginsel)
135 (1)
1.2.3 The rectification at source principle (het bronbeginsel)
136 (1)
1.2.4 The integration principle (het integratiebeginsel)
136 (1)
1.2.5 Codification of the principles
137 (1)
2 The European environmental principles in Dutch case law
137 (17)
2.1 The polluter pays principle
137 (3)
2.1.1 Is the polluter pays principle a general principle of law?
138 (1)
2.1.2 In the context of which issues is the polluter pays principle referred to?
138 (1)
2.1.3 Case law regarding the polluter pays principle in the context of Article 174(2) EC
139 (1)
2.1.4 Is the polluter pays principle applied ex officio?
140 (1)
2.2 The precautionary principle
140 (10)
2.2.1 A test against the precautionary principle: In the context of legislation, policy or autonomously?
142 (1)
2.2.2 The precautionary principle and Article 3:2 Awb (the general duty of care) or 3:46 Awb (the justification principle)
143 (1)
2.2.3 Administrative case law regarding the precautionary principle and the Wadden Sea
144 (3)
2.2.4 Case law regarding the precautionary principle in the context of Article 174(2) EC
147 (1)
2.2.5 Case law regarding the precautionary principle in the context of Articles 28-30 EC
147 (1)
2.2.6 Civil courts and the precautionary principle
148 (1)
2.2.7 The precautionary principle applied ex officio?
149 (1)
2.3 Rectification at source (het bronbeginsel)
150 (3)
2.3.1 Case law regarding the rectification at source principle in the context of Article 174(2) EC
151 (1)
2.3.2 Case law on the proximity and self-sufficiency principle within the scope of Regulation 259/93
152 (1)
2.3.3 The rectification at source principle applied ex officio?
153 (1)
2.4 The integration principle
153 (1)
2.4.1 Article 21 of the Constitution, does it contain the integration principle?
154 (1)
3 Similar principles that have emerged in the Netherlands
154 (3)
3.1 The 'alara' ("as low as reasonably achievable") principle
154 (1)
3.2 The stand still principle
155 (1)
3.3 The substitution principle
156 (1)
4 Conclusions
157 (4)
CHAPTER 10 The Application and Interpretation of the Core Environmental Principles by the Portuguese Courts
Alexandra Arag��o
1 Introduction
161 (1)
2 Legal context
161 (3)
3 The Portuguese cases
164 (11)
3.1 Illegal activities and the prevention principle: Comital Mining case and Azem��is Dairy case
165 (2)
3.2 Locally unwanted land uses and the prevention principle: Estarreja Incinerator case and Maia Petrol Pump case
167 (1)
3.3 The polluter pays principle: Minderica Dyers and Coruche Stork Nests case
168 (1)
3.4 The polluter-pays and prevention principles: first P��voa de Lanhoso landfill case
169 (1)
3.5 The principles of precaution and prevention: Second P��voa de Lanhoso Landfill case
170 (2)
3.6 The principles of prevention and polluter-pays: Cerveira Scrap-ground case
172 (1)
3.7 The principles of prevention and integration: Nisa Swallow Nests case and New Bridge case
173 (2)
4 Final remarks on the national application of the principles
175 (1)
4.1 The precaution principle
175 (1)
4.2 The polluter pays principle
176 (1)
4.3 The integration principle
176 (1)
5 Conclusion
176 (5)
CHAPTER 11 The Application of the Core K Environmental Principles by Spanish Courts
Angel-Manuel Moreno
1 Methodological remarks
181 (1)
2 EC environmental principles applied in jurisdictional 'environmental' adjudication.
182 (9)
2.1 The polluters pays principle (el que contamina, paga)
183 (5)
2.2 The principle of prevention/precaution (principio de cautela y acci��n preventiva)
188 (3)
2.3 Rectification at source, producer or extended responsibility, regional variations, scientific base, and the integration principle.
191 (1)
3 Environmental principles enshrined in Spanish legislation
191 (1)
4 Conclusions
191 (4)
CHAPTER 12 Environmental Principles in the United Kingdom
Richard Macrory and Ian Havercroft
1 Principles in UK legislation
195 (2)
2 Environmental principles in UK legislation and policy
197 (1)
3 Environmental principles in policy documents
198 (2)
4 Significant case law involving environmental principles
200 (12)
4.1 Polluter pays principle
200 (4)
4.2 The precautionary principle
204 (5)
4.3 Prevention at source
209 (1)
4.4 Producer or extended responsibility
209 (3)
5 Conclusions
212 (3)
CHAPTER 13 Environmental Principles - Experiences of Transition Countries
Gyula B��ndi
215 (10)
CHAPTER 14 Environmental Principles, Modem and Post-modem Law
Nicolas de Sadeleer
1 Introduction
225 (1)
2 Modern law
225 (2)
3 Post modern law
227 (4)
3.1 Dispersion of the law makers
228 (1)
3.2 Fragmentation of law
228 (1)
3.3 Acceleration of time
229 (1)
3.4 Decline of State authority
230 (1)
3.5 Increasing dependence of the law on extra-legal spheres
230 (1)
3.6 The undermining of the premises of modern law
231 (1)
4 Environmental principles represent the interface between modern law and post modern law
231 (4)
4.1 Enabling function
232 (1)
4.2 Directing function
233 (1)
4.3 Interpretrative function
234 (1)
4.4 Weighing the conflicting interests
235 (1)
5 Conclusions
235 (3)
Table of Cases 238 (12)
Index 250 (4)
Contributors 254