Результаты поиска - social exchange rates model

Macroeconomics по Gordon Robert J.

Оглавление: “...International Trade, Exchange Rates, and Macroeconomic PolicyPART III: Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply, Unemployment and Inflation7. ...”

Applied economics

Оглавление: “...611 (1) The UK approach to reducing unemployment 612 (2) Key points 614 (1) Note 614 (1) References and further reading 614 (3) 24 Managing the economy 617 (36) Synopsis 617 (1) The objectives of policy 618 (1) The instruments of policy 619 (4) Problems in managing the economy 623 (1) The theory of economic policy 624 (5) Post-war macroeconomic policy in practice 629 (3) Medium-term economic strategy 632 (6) Supply-side strategy 638 (4) Policy effectiveness 642 (1) Economic policy in an international context 643 (2) Conclusion 645 (1) Key points 646 (1) Notes 647 (1) References and further reading 648 (5) PART IV: International economics 25 Exchange rates 653 (26) Synopsis 653 (1) The foreign exchange market 654 (2) Exchange rate definitions 656 (3) Exchange rate determination 659 (11) Economic policy and the exchange rate 670 (1) The gold standard system 671 (2) The IMF system 673 (2) The floating exchange rate system 675 (2) Key points 677 (1) Notes 677 (1) References and further reading 678 (1) 26 United Kingdom trade performance 679 (28) Synopsis 679 (1) The nature of the problem 680 (5) Reasons behind UK trade performance 685 (13) The importance of trade in goods for the UK 698 (3) Conclusion 701 (3) Key points 704 (1) References and further reading 704 (3) 27 Free trade, regional trading blocs and protectionism 707 (20) Synopsis 707 (1) Free trade 708 (3) Trade and the world economy 711 (4) Protectionism 715 (8) Conclusion 723 (1) Key points 724 (1) Note 725 (1) References and further reading 725 (2) 28 The European Union 727 (34) Synopsis 727 (1) Historical background 728 (4) Finance and the EU budget 732 (5) Policy areas 737 (14) Monetary union 751 (5) Enlargement 756 (1) Opting out? ...”

Economics : private & public choice / по Gwartney, James D.

Оглавление: “...198 (1) Equilibrium in the Goods and Services Market 198 (4) Resource Market 202 (1) Loanable Funds Market 203 (3) Foreign Exchange Market 206 (1) Applications in Economics Bonds, Interest Rates, and Bond Prices 207 (2) Leakages and Injections from the Circular Flow of Income 209 (2) Key Points 211 (1) Critical Analysis Questions 212 (2) Working with Our Basic Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model 214 (22) Anticipated and Unanticipated Changes 215 (1) Factors That Shift Aggregate Demand 215 (3) Thumbnail Sketch What Factors Affect Aggregate Demand? ...”

Microeconomics по Pindyck, Robert S.

Оглавление: “...274 (1) Alternative Forms of Organization 275 (1) Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 276 (3) Demand and Marginal Revenue for a competitive Firm 277 (2) Profit Maximization by a Competitive Firm 279 (1) Choosing Output in the Short Run 279 (5) Short-Run Profit Maximization by a Competitive Firm 279 (1) The Short-Run Profit of a Competitive Firm 280 (4) The Competitive Firm's Short-Run Supply Curve 284 (3) the Firm's Response to an Input Price Change 284 (3) The Short-Run Market Supply Curve 287 (5) Elasticity of Market Supply 288 (3) Producer Surplus in the Short Run 291 (1) Choosing Output in the Long Run 292 (7) Long-Run Profit Maximization 293 (1) Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium 294 (3) Economic Rent 297 (1) Producer Surplus in the Long Run 297 (2) The Industry's Long-Run Supply curve 299 (6) Constant-Cost Industry 299 (1) Increasing-Cost Industry 300 (2) Decreasing-Cost Industry 302 (1) The Effects of a Tax 302 (1) Long-Run Elasticity of Supply 303 (2) Summary 305 (1) Questions for Review 306 (1) Exercises 306 (3) The Analysis of Competitive Markets 309 (38) Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer Surplus 309 (6) Review of Consumer and Producer Surplus 310 (1) Application of Consumer and Producer Surplus 311 (4) The Efficiency of a Competitive Market 315 (4) Minimum Prices 319 (5) Price Supports and Production Quotas 324 (7) Price Supports 324 (1) Production Quotas 325 (6) Import Quotas and Tariffs 331 (4) The Impact of a Tax or Subsidy 335 (7) The Effects of a Subsidy 339 (3) Summary 342 (1) Questions for Review 342 (1) Exercises 343 (4) Part Three Market Structure and Competitive Strategy 347 (236) Market Power: Monopoly and Monopsony 349 (42) Monopoly 350 (11) Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue 350 (2) The Monopolist's Output Decision 352 (1) An Example 353 (1) A Rule of Thumb for Pricing 354 (3) Shifts in Demand 357 (1) The Effect of a Tax 357 (2) The Multiplant Firm 359 (2) Monopoly Power 361 (5) Measuring Monopoly Power 362 (1) The Rule of Thumb for Pricing 363 (3) Sources of Monopoly Power 366 (2) The Elasticity of Market Demand 367 (1) The Number of Firms 367 (1) The Interaction Among Firms 368 (1) The Social Costs of Monopoly Power 368 (5) Rent Seeking 370 (1) Price Regulation 370 (2) Natural Monopoly 372 (1) Regulation in Practice 373 (1) Monopsony 373 (3) Monopsony and Monopoly Compared 376 (1) Monopsony Power 376 (5) Sources of Monopsony Power 377 (2) The Social Costs of Monopsony Power 379 (1) Bilateral Monopoly 380 (1) Limiting Market Power: The Antitrust Laws 381 (6) Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws 383 (1) Antitrust in Europe 384 (3) Summary 387 (1) Questions for Review 387 (1) Exercises 388 (3) Pricing with Market Power 391 (52) Capturing Consumer Surplus 392 (1) Price Discrimination 393 (10) First-Degree Price Discrimination 393 (3) Second-Degree Price Discrimination 396 (1) Third-Degree Price Discrimination 397 (6) Intertemporal Price Discrimination and Peak-Load Pricing 403 (3) Intertemporal Price Discrimination 403 (1) Peak-Load Pricing 404 (2) The Two-Part Tariff 406 (7) Bundling 413 (11) Relative Valuations 414 (4) Mixed Bundling 418 (3) Bundling in Practice 421 (2) Tying 423 (1) Advertising 424 (4) A Rule of Thumb for Advertising 426 (2) Summary 428 (1) Questions for Review 429 (1) Exercises 429 (4) Transfer Pricing in the Integrated Firm 433 (8) Transfer Pricing When There Is No Outside Market 433 (3) Transfer Pricing with a Competitive Outside Market 436 (2) Transfer Pricing with a Noncompetitive Outside Market 438 (1) A Numerical Example 439 (2) Exercises 441 (2) Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly 443 (36) Monopolistic Competition 444 (5) The Makings of Monopolistic Competition 444 (1) Equilibrium in the Short Run and the Long Run 445 (1) Monopolistic Competition and Economic Efficiency 446 (3) Oligopoly 449 (7) Equilibrium in an Oligopolistic Market 449 (1) The Cournot Model 450 (3) The Linear Demand Curve---An Example 453 (2) First Mover Advantage---The Stackelberg Model 455 (1) Price Competition 456 (5) Price Competition with Homogeneous Products--The Bertrand Model 456 (2) Price Competition with Differential Products 458 (3) Competition versus Collusion: The Prisoners' Dilemma 461 (3) Implications of the Prisoners' Dilemma for Oligopolistic Pricing 464 (5) Price Rigidity 465 (1) Price Signaling and Price Leadership 465 (3) The Dominant Firm Model 468 (1) Cartels 469 (6) Analysis of Cartel Pricing 470 (5) Summary 475 (1) Questions for Review 475 (1) Exercises 476 (3) Game Theory and Competitive Strategy 479 (42) Gaming and Strategic Decisions 479 (3) Noncooperative versus Cooperative Games 480 (2) Dominant Strategies 482 (2) The Nash Equilibrium Revisited 484 (6) Maximin Strategies 486 (2) Mixed Strategies 488 (2) Repeated Games 490 (4) Sequential Games 494 (3) The Extensive Form of a Game 495 (1) The Advantage of Moving First 496 (1) Threats, Commitments, and Credibility 497 (6) Empty Threats 498 (1) Commitment and Credibility 498 (2) Bargaining Strategy 500 (3) Entry Deterrence 503 (6) Strategic Trade Policy and International Competition 505 (4) Auctions 509 (8) Auction Formats 510 (1) Valuation and Information 510 (1) Private-Value Auctions 511 (1) Common-Value Auctions 512 (1) Maximizing Auction Revenue 513 (1) Bidding and Colusion 514 (3) Summary 517 (1) Questions for Review 517 (1) Exercises 518 (3) Markets for Factor Inputs 521 (30) Competitive Factor Markets 521 (13) Demand for a Factor Input When Only One Input Is Variable 522 (2) Demand for a Factor Input When Several Inputs Are Variable 524 (2) The Market Demand Curve 526 (3) The Supply of Inputs to a Firm 529 (2) The Market Supply of Inputs 531 (3) Equilibrium in a Competitive Factor Market 534 (5) Economic Rent 535 (4) Factor Markets with Monopsony Power 539 (4) Monopsony Power: Marginal and Average Expenditure 539 (1) Purchasing Decisions with Monopsony Power 540 (1) Bargaining Power 541 (2) Factor Markets with Monopoly Power 543 (6) Monopoly Power over the Wage Rate 544 (1) Unionized and Nonunionized Workers 545 (4) Summary 549 (1) Questions for Review 549 (1) Exercises 550 (1) Investment, Time, and Capital Markets 551 (32) Stocks versus Flows 552 (1) Present Discounted Value 553 (3) Valuing Payment Streams 553 (3) The Value of a Bond 556 (4) Perpetuities 556 (1) The Effective Yield on a Bond 557 (3) The Net Present Value Criterion for Capital Investment Decisions 560 (4) The Electric Motor Factory 561 (1) Real versus Nominal Discount Rates 562 (1) Negative Future Cash Flows 563 (1) Adjustments for Risk 564 (4) Diversifiable versus Nondiversifiable Risk 564 (1) The Capital Asset Pricing Model 565 (3) Investment Decisions by Consumers 568 (2) Investments in Human Capital 570 (3) Intertemporal Production Decisions---Depletable Resources 573 (4) The Production Decision of an Individual Resource Producer 574 (1) The Behavior of Market Price 574 (1) User Cost 575 (1) Resource Production by a Monopolist 576 (1) How Are Interest Rates Determined? ...”

E-business and e-commerce management : strategy, implementation, and practice по Chaffey, Dave

Оглавление: “...274 (1) Push and pull supply chain models 275 (2) Focus on the value chain 277 (8) Restructuring the internal value chain 278 (1) The value stream 279 (1) Value chain analysis 279 (2) Value networks 281 (2) Towards the virtual organization 283 (2) Options for restructuring the supply chain 285 (2) Using e-business to restructure the supply chain 287 (9) Adoption rates of e-business applications 287 (4) IS-supported upstream supply chain management 291 (1) Case Study 6.2 Tesco develops buy-side e-commerce system for supply chain management 292 (1) IS-supported downstream supply chain management 293 (1) Outbound logistics management 294 (1) IS infrastructure for supply chain management 294 (2) Supply chain management implementation 296 (7) The supply chain management strategy process 298 (2) Managing partnerships 300 (2) Managing global distribution 302 (1) Case Study 6.3 RFID: keeping track starts its move to a faster track 302 (1) Summary 303 (1) Exercises 304 (1) References 305 (1) Further reading 306 (1) Web links 307 (1) E-procurement 308 (28) Learning outcomes / Management issues 308 (1) Links to other chapters 308 (1) Introduction 309 (1) What is e-procurement? ...”

Proactive purchasing in the supply chain : the key to world-class procurement / по Burt, David N.

Оглавление: “...Multiple Sourcing Share of Supplier's Capacity Local, National, and International Sourcing Manufacturer or Distributor "Green" Supply Management Minority- and Women-Owned Business Enterprises Ethical Considerations Reciprocity Consortium Purchasing and Group Buying Disaster Plans Summary Appendix Illustrative Plant Survey Financial Statement Analysis Planning a Facility Visit Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 14 Global Supply Management Global Management Perspective Future of Global Supply Management Stages to Global Supply Management Reasons for Global Sourcing Potential Problems Questions Before Going Global Supply Channels Global Trade Intermediaries International Procurement Offices Direct Suppliers Eliminating Intermediaries Identifying Direct Suppliers Qualifying Direct Suppliers Preparing for Direct Relations The Initial Meeting Currency and Payment Issues Exchange Rates Payments Letters of Credit Countertrade Countertrade's Advantages Countertrade's Disadvantages Supply Management's Role Creative Countertrade Political and Economic Alliances European Union North American Free Trade Agreement MERCOSUR Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summary Appendix Currency Risk Hedging Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 15 Total Cost of Ownership Three Components of Total Cost Acquisition Costs Ownership Costs Post-Ownership Costs TCO, Net Present Value (NPV) Analysis, and Estimated Costs The Importance of Total Cost of Ownership in Supply Management Service Providers Retail Manufacturing Supply Chains/Supply Networks Summary Appendix: Supply Management in Action Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 16 Price and Cost Analysis Introduction General Economic Considerations Conditions of Competition Variable-Margin Pricing Product Differentiation Six Categories of Cost Regulation by Competition Price Analysis Competitive Price Proposals Regulated, Catalog, and Market Prices Internet/e-Commerce II Historical Prices Supply and Demand Factors Independent Cost Estimates Cost Analysis Cost Analysis Defined Capabilities of Management Efficiency of Labor Amount and Quality of Subcontracting Plant Capacity Sources of Cost Data Potential Suppliers Supply Partners Cost Models Direct Costs Direct Labor Direct Materials Tooling Costs Learning Curves Cumulative Curve and the Unit Curve Target Cost Estimation Indirect Costs Engineering Overhead Material Overhead Manufacturing Overhead General and Administrative Selling Recovering Indirect Costs Activity-Based Costing Target Costing Profit Resisting Arbitrary Price Increases Summary Appendix A: Application of Learning Curves Appendix B: Discounts Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 17 Methods of Compensation Introduction to Compensation Arrangements Observation Contract Cost Risk Appraisal Technical Risk Contract Schedule Risk General Types of Contract Compensation Arrangements Fixed Price Contracts Incentive Contracts Cost-Reimbursement Contracts Specific Types of Compensation Arrangements Firm Fixed Price Contracts Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts Fixed Price Redetermination Contracts Incentive Arrangements Fixed Price Incentive Fee Cost Plus Incentive Fee Arrangements Cost Plus Fixed Fee Arrangements Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF) Cost without Fee Cost Sharing Time and Materials Letter Contracts and Letters of Intent Considerations When Selecting the Method of Compensation Summary Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 18 Negotiations Introduction Objectives of Negotiation Quality Fair and Reasonable Price On-Time Performance Control Cooperation Supplier Relationship Management When to Negotiate Supply Management's Role in Negotiation The Supply Management Professional Acting Alone The Supply Management Professional as the Negotiating Team Leader The Negotiation Process Preparation Establishing Objectives Identify the Desired Type of Relationship Five Powerful Preparation Activities The BATNA The Agenda "Murder Boards" and Mock Negotiations Crib Sheets Draft Agreements Face-to-Face Discussions Fact Finding Recess Narrowing the Differences Hard Bargaining Techniques Universally Applicable Techniques Transactional Techniques Collaborative and Alliance Negotiating Techniques The Debriefing: An Incredible Learning Opportunity Documentation Online Negotiation Advantages to Online Negotiation An Example of a Successful Application of Negotiating Online Drawbacks to Online Negotiation Negotiating for Price Price Analysis Negotiation Cost Analysis Negotiation Characteristics of a Successful Negotiator Summary Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 19 Contract Formation and Legal Issues Litigation Prevention Dispute Resolution Negotiation Mediation Litigation Arbitration Courts Development of Commercial Law Electronic Contract Considerations: Cyber Law Attempts to Revise the UCC Basic Legal Considerations Status of an Agent The Purchase Contract Letters of Intent Special Legal Considerations Inspection Rights Rights of Rejection Title and Risk of Loss Warranties Evergreen Contracts Order Cancellation and Breach of Contract JIT Contracts Honest Mistakes Patent Infringement Restraint of Trade Laws International Considerations Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Summary Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 20 Contract and Relationship Management Need for Better Contract Management Preaward Conference: The Stage Has Been Set Monitoring and Controlling Project Progress Operations Progress Reports Gantt Charts CPM and PERT Closed-Loop MRP Systems Monitoring and Controlling Total Supplier Performance Supplier Performance Evaluation Motivation Punishment Rewards Assistance Transformational Training Quality Audits and Supply System Reviews Problem Solving Collaboration Managing the Relationship Summary Appendix A: Supplier Reporting Requirements for Unique Major Projects Appendix B: How Critical Path Scheduling Works Appendix C: Supplier Questionnaire Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 21 Ethics and Social Responsibility Ethics in the Supply Management Context Professional Supply Management Ethics Principles and Standards of Ethical Supply Management Conduct National and International Supply Management Conduct Important Areas Requiring Amplification Avoid Sharp Practices Competitive Bidding Negotiation Samples Treating Salespeople with Respect Substandard Materials and Services Gifts and Gratuities Management Responsibilities Written Standards Ethics Training and Education Departmental Environment Miscellaneous Factors Dealing with Gray Areas The Four Way Test Social Responsibilities Summary Endnotes Suggested Reading Chapter 22 Implementing World-Class Purchasing in the Supply Chain Designing an Effective Purchasing/Supply Management Department The Purchasing Planning Function Defining Planning Four Phases of Planning The Organizing Function The Five Basic Steps to Organizing Basic Concepts of Organizing Organizing for Supply Chain Management The Staffing Function The Directing Function Leadership Leadership and the Purchasing Profession The Controlling Function Evaluating the Purchasing/Supply Management Department The Annual Report Risk Management New Focus on Risk Management Appendix A: The Institute for Supply Management Awards for Excellence in Supply Management Appendix B: From Reactive to Proactive Procurement: A Case Study Appendix C: Raytheon Supply Base Optimization, April Appendix D: At Rolls-Royce North America, an Organizational Shift Is the Driving Force Behind an Innovative New Journey to Engage Its Supply Chain Endnotes Suggested Reading Epilogue The Future of Supply Management Index...”