Résultats de la recherche - long-terms case

Natural disasters / par Abbott, Patrick L.

Table des matières: “…Natural disasters and the human population -- Energy flows in Earth history and natural disasters -- Plate tectonics and earthquakes -- Earthquake geology and seismology -- Tsunami -- Some earthquakes in western North America -- More US and Canadian earthquakes -- Volcanic eruptions: plate tectonics and magmas -- Volcano case histories: killer events -- Mass movements -- Atmosphere, oceans, and long-term climate change -- Short-term climate change and severe weather -- Hurricanes and the coastline -- Floods -- Fire -- The great dyings -- Impacts with space objects.…”
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Financial accounting : an introduction par WEETMAN, P.

Managerial Economics : applications, strategies and tactics par McGUIGAN, J.R. (Author)

Table des matières: “…; 2-1 Demand and Supply: A Review; 2-1a The Diamond-Water Paradox and the Marginal Revolution; 2-1b Marginal Utility and Incremental Cost Simultaneously Determine Equilibrium Market Price; 2-1c Individual and Market Demand Curves. 2-1d The Demand Function2-1e Import-Export Traded Goods; International Perspectives: Exchange Rate Impacts on Demand: Cummins Engine Company; 2-1f Individual and Market Supply Curves; 2-1g Equilibrium Market Price of Gasoline; 2-2 Marginal Analysis; 2-2a Total, Marginal, and Average Relationships; 2-3 The Net Present Value Concept; 2-3a Determining the Net Present Value of an Investment; 2-3b Sources of Positive Net Present Value Projects; 2-3c Risk and the NPV Rule; 2-4 Meaning and Measurement of Risk; 2-4a Probability Distributions; 2-4b Expected Values. 2-4c Standard Deviation: An Absolute Measure of Risk2-4d Normal Probability Distribution; 2-4e Coefficient of Variation: A Relative Measure of Risk; What Went Right/What Went Wrong: Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM); 2-5 Risk and Required Return; Summary; Exercises; Case Exercise: Revenue Management at American Airlines; Part 2: Demand and Forecasting; Chapter 3: Demand Analysis; Chapter Preview; Managerial Challenge: Health Care Reform and Cigarette Taxes; 3-1 Demand Relationships; 3-1a The Demand Schedule Defined; 3-1b Constrained Utility Maximization and Consumer Behavior…”

Managerial economics / par Damodaran, Suma

Managerial economics / par Damodaran, Suma

Principles of risk management and insurance par Rejda, George E.

Table des matières: “…Machine derived contents note: Contents Preface xvi Part One Basic Concepts in Risk Management and Insurance 1 chapter 1 Risk in Our Society 2 Meaning of Risk 3 Chance of Loss 4 Peril and Hazard 5 Basic Categories of Risk 6 Types of Pure Risk 8 Burden of Risk on Society 11 Methods of Handling Risk 12 Summary 15 n Key Concepts and Terms 15 n Review Questions 16 Application Questions 16 n Internet Resources 17 n Selected References 17 Notes 17 Case Application 14 Insight 1.1: At a Glance; The Economic Problem of Poor Health 10 chapter 2 Insurance and Risk 18 Definition of Insurance 19 Basic Characteristics of Insurance 19 Requirements of an Insurable Risk 21 Two Applications: The Risks of Fire and Unemployment 23 Adverse Selection and Insurance 24 Insurance and Gambling Compared 24 Insurance and Hedging Compared 25 Types of Insurance 25 Benefits of Insurance to Society 28 Costs of Insurance to Society 29 Summary 33 n Key Concepts and Terms 34 n Review Questions 34 Application Questions 34 n Internet Resources 35 n Selected References 36 Notes 36 Case Application 33 Insight 2.1: Insurance Fraud Hall of Shame; Sampling of Outrageous Cases 31 Insight 2.2: Don't Think Insurance Fraud is Committed Only by Hardened Crooks 32 Appendix Basic Statistics and the Law of Large Numbers 38 chapter 3 Introduction to Risk Management 41 Meaning of Risk Management 42 Objectives of Risk Management 42 Steps in the Risk Management Process 43 Identifying Loss Exposures 44 Analyze the Loss Exposures 44 Select the Appropriate Techniques for Treating the Loss Exposures 45 Implement and Monitor the Risk Management Program 52 Benefits of Risk Management 53 Personal Risk Management 53 Summary 56 n Key Concepts and Terms 57 n Review Questions 57 Application Questions 58 n Internet Resources 59 n Selected References 59 Notes 59 Case Application 56 Insight 3.1: Why Do Firms Self-Insure Their Group Health Insurance Plans? …”

Business ethics 99/00

Table des matières: “…Bowie Giving Values a Voice 171 (2) Terry Mandel Whatever It Takes 173 (7) Michele Marchetti Why One Jury Dealt a Big Blow to Chrysler in Minivan-Latch Case 180 (4) Milo Geyelin B. ETHICAL PRACTICES IN THE MARKETPLACE Managing for Organizational Integrity 184 (10) Lynn Sharp Paine Goodwill Hunting 194 (4) Gayle Sato Stodder Firms Find Long-Term Rewards in Doing Good 198 (2) Susan Vaughn Winery with a Mission 200 (2) Miriam Schulman UNIT 5 Developing the Future Ethos and Social Responsibility of Business Overview 202 (23) Amoral Management: The Ethical Challenge of the 90s 204 (1) Archie B. …”

Investment analysis and portfolio management par Ranganatham, M.

Table des matières: “…Goverments Expenditure Export Consumption in the Process of Import Distribution Monetary Policy and Liquidity Inflation Interest Rates International Influences Consumer Sentiment Fiscal Policy Long-term Growth Expectations Technology Effect Labour Effect Capital Effect One Contributing Factors Influences on Short-term Expectations Forecasting Models Structural or Cross-sectional Econometric Models Time Series Econometric Models Structural Time Series Models-A Hybrid Applications of Economic Analysis Economic Analysis and International Investment Cross-border Investments International Comparison of Institutional Investors Summary Concepts Short Questions Essay Questions Case Study Chapter 10: Fundamental Analysis II: Industry Analysis Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Links between the Economy and Industry Sectors The Stock Market and the Business Cycle Data Needs for an Industry Analysis Data Categories Tools for Industry Analysis Cross-sectional Industry Performance Industry Perfomance over Time Differences in Industry Risk Prediction about Market Behaviour Quantitative Industry Analysis Analysing Employment Data Data Selection Estimating the Duration of Analysis Estimating a Base Year Quantitative Tools for Analysing Employment Status Anlysis of Emoluments Data Total Emoluments by Industry Emoluments per Employee by Industry Change in Emolument per Employee by Industry National Comparison of Average Emolument per Employee Input-Output Analysis Industry Earning Data Analysis Infrastructure Sector Indian Textile Industry Spinning Industry Weaving and Knitting Industry Indian Fabric Processing Industry Garment Manufacturing Sector Steel Industry Cyclical Industries…”

Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts with Harley-Davidson Annual Report

Table des matières: “…An Introduction to Accounting 2 (58) Chapter Opening 3 (1) Role of Accounting in Society 4 (5) Using Free Markets to Set Resource Priorities 4 (1) Accounting Provides Information 5 (1) Types of Accounting Information 6 (1) Nonbusiness Resource Allocations 6 (1) Careers in Accounting 7 (1) Measurement Rules 8 (1) Reporting Entities 9 (1) Elements of Financial Statements 10 (1) Accounting Equation 11 (1) Recording Business Events Under the Accounting Equation 12 (3) Asset Source Transactions 12 (1) Asset Exchange Transactions 13 (1) Another Asset Source Transaction 14 (1) Asset Use Transactions 14 (1) Historical Cost and Reliability Concepts 15 (1) Recap: Types of Transactions 16 (1) Summary of Transactions 16 (1) Preparing Financial Statements 17 (4) Income Statement and the Matching Concept 17 (2) Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity 19 (1) Balance Sheet 19 (1) Statement of Cash Flows 20 (1) The Closing Process 21 (1) The Horizontal Financial Statements Model 21 (1) The Financial Analyst 22 (2) A Look Back 24 (1) A Look Forward 25 (1) Appendix 25 (2) Self-Study Review Problem 27 (1) Key Terms 28 (1) Questions 28 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 29 (1) Exercises--Series A 29 (8) Problems--Series A 37 (4) Exercises--Series B 41 (7) Problems--Series B 48 (5) Analyze, Think, Communicate 53 (7) Accounting for Accruals 60 (60) Chapter Opening 61 (1) Accrual Accounting 62 (8) Transaction Data in Ledger Accounts 64 (1) 2008 Financial Statements 65 (2) The Closing Process 67 (1) Matching Concept 67 (3) Second Accounting Cycle 70 (4) Adjusting the Accounts 71 (1) Summary of 2009 Transactions 72 (1) 2009 Financial Statements 72 (2) Closing the Temporary (Nominal) Accounts 74 (1) Steps in an Accounting Cycle 74 (1) Accounting for Notes Payable 74 (4) Vertical Statements Model 76 (2) The Financial Analyst 78 (4) A Look Back 82 (1) A Look Forward 83 (1) Appendix 83 (3) Self-Study Review Problem 86 (2) Key Terms 88 (1) Questions 88 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 89 (1) Exercises--Series A 89 (8) Problems--Series A 97 (6) Exercises--Series B 103 (7) Problems--Series B 110 (6) Analyze, Think, Communicate 116 (4) Accounting for Deferrals 120 (50) Chapter Opening 121 (1) Accounting for Deferrals Illustrated 122 (5) Summary of Events and Ledger Accounts 124 (1) The 2007 Financial Statements 125 (1) The Matching Concept 125 (2) Second Accounting Cycle 127 (5) Effect of 2008 Transactions on the Accounting Equation and the Financial Statements 130 (2) Third Accounting Cycle 132 (4) Effect of 2009 Transactions on the Accounting Equation and the Financial Statements 134 (2) The Financial Analyst 136 (4) A Look Back 140 (1) A Look Forward 141 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 141 (2) Key Terms 143 (1) Questions 143 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 143 (1) Exercises--Series A 144 (5) Problems--Series A 149 (5) Exercises--Series B 154 (5) Problems--Series B 159 (5) Analyze, Think, Communicate 164 (6) The Double-Entry Accounting System 170 (68) Chapter Opening 171 (1) Debit/Credit Terminology 172 (1) Collins Consultants Case 172 (11) Asset Source Transactions 172 (4) Asset Exchange Transactions 176 (1) Asset Use Transactions 177 (2) Claims Exchange Transactions 179 (1) Adjusting the Accounts 180 (3) Overview of Debit/Credit Relationships 183 (1) Summary of T-Accounts 184 (1) The Ledger 184 (2) The General Journal 186 (2) Financial Statements 188 (1) Closing Entries 188 (2) Trial Balance 190 (1) The Financial Analyst 191 (3) A Look Back 194 (1) A Look Forward 194 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 195 (2) Key Terms 197 (1) Questions 198 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 198 (1) Exercises--Series A 198 (9) Problems--Series A 207 (8) Exercises--Series B 215 (8) Problems--Series B 223 (8) Analyze, Think, Communicate 231 (7) Accounting for Merchandising Businesses 238 (60) Chapter Opening 239 (2) Product Costs Versus Selling and Administrative Costs 241 (1) Allocating Inventory Cost Between Asset and Expense Accounts 241 (1) Perpetual Inventory System 241 (2) Effects of 2008 Events on Financial Statements 242 (1) Recording and Reporting Inventory Events in the Double-Entry System 243 (2) Financial Statements for 2008 244 (1) Transportation Cost, Purchase Returns and Allowances, and Cash Discounts Related to Inventory Purchases 245 (6) Effects of 2009 Events on Financial Statements 246 (1) Accounting for Purchase Returns and Allowances 246 (1) Purchase Discounts 247 (1) The Cost of Financing Inventory 248 (1) Accounting for Transportation Costs 248 (3) Recognizing Gains and Losses 251 (1) Recording and Reporting Inventory Events in the Double-Entry System 251 (2) Multistep Income Statement 253 (2) Lost, Damaged, or Stolen Inventory 255 (1) Adjustment for Lost, Damaged, or Stolen Inventory 255 (1) Events Affecting Sales 256 (3) Accounting for Sales Returns and Allowances 257 (1) Accounting for Sales Discounts 258 (1) The Financial Analyst 259 (4) A Look Back 263 (1) A Look Forward 263 (1) Appendix 264 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 265 (2) Key Terms 267 (1) Questions 267 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 268 (1) Exercises--Series A 269 (8) Problems--Series A 277 (3) Exercises--Series B 280 (8) Problems--Series B 288 (3) Analyze, Think, Communicate 291 (5) Comprehensive Problem 296 (2) Accounting for Inventories 298 (44) Chapter Opening 299 (1) Inventory Cost Flow Methods 300 (1) Specific Identification 300 (1) First-In, First-Out (FIFO) 300 (1) Last-In, First-Out (UFO) 300 (1) Weighted Average 300 (1) Physical Flow 300 (1) Effect of Cost Flow on Financial Statements 300 (2) Effect on Income Statement 300 (1) Effect on Balance Sheet 301 (1) Inventory Cost Flow under a Perpetual System 302 (4) Multiple Layers with Multiple Quantities 302 (1) Allocating Cost of Goods Available for Sale 302 (1) Effect of Cost Flow on Financial Statements 303 (3) Inventory Cost Flow When Sales and Purchases Occur Intermittently 306 (2) FIFO Cost Flow 306 (1) Weighted-Average and UFO Cost Flows 307 (1) Lower-of-Cost-or-Market Rule 308 (1) Avoiding Fraud in Merchandising Businesses 309 (1) Estimating the Ending Inventory Balance 310 (2) The Financial Analyst 312 (2) Effects of Cost Flow on Ratio Analysis 314 (1) A Look Back 314 (1) A Look Forward 314 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 315 (1) Key Terms 316 (1) Questions 316 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 317 (1) Exercises--Series A 317 (6) Problems--Series A 323 (3) Exercises--Series B 326 (6) Problems--Series B 332 (4) Analyze, Think, Communicate 336 (4) Comprehensive Problem 340 (2) Internal Control and Accounting for Cash 342 (48) Chapter Opening 343 (1) Key Features of Internal Control Systems 344 (2) Separation of Duties 344 (1) Quality of Employees 344 (1) Bonded Employees 344 (1) Required Absences 344 (1) Procedures Manual 345 (1) Authority and Responsibility 345 (1) Prenumbered Documents 345 (1) Physical Control 345 (1) Performance Evaluations 346 (1) Limitations 346 (1) Accounting for Cash 346 (11) Controlling Cash 346 (1) Cash Payments 347 (1) Checking Account Documents 348 (2) Reconciling the Bank Statement 350 (1) Illustrating a Bank Reconciliation 351 (3) Cash Short and Over 354 (1) Using Petty Cash Funds 355 (2) The Financial Analyst 357 (3) A Look Back 360 (1) A Look Forward 361 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 362 (1) Key Terms 362 (1) Questions 363 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 364 (1) Exercises--Series A 364 (4) Problems--Series A 368 (5) Exercises--Series B 373 (5) Problems--Series B 378 (5) Analyze, Think, Communicate 383 (4) Comprehensive Problem 387 (3) Accounting for Receivables and Payables 390 (52) Chapter Opening 391 (1) Allowance Method of Accounting for Bad Debts 392 (8) Accounting Events Affecting the 2008 Period 392 (1) Accounting for Bad Debts Expense 392 (2) General Ledger T-Accounts 394 (1) Financial Statements 395 (1) Estimating Bad Debts Expense 396 (1) Accounting Events Affecting the 2009 Period 396 (2) Year-End Adjusting Entries 398 (1) General Ledger T-Accounts 398 (1) Analysis of Financial Statements 399 (1) Recognition of Bad Debts Expense Using the Direct Write-Off Method 400 (1) Accounting for Credit Card Sales 401 (1) Warranty Obligations 402 (3) General Ledger T-Accounts and Financial Statements 403 (2) The Financial Analyst 405 (1) Costs of Credit Sales 405 (3) A Look Back 408 (1) A Look Forward 409 (1) Appendix 409 (5) Self-Study Review Problem 414 (1) Key Terms 414 (1) Questions 415 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 416 (1) Exercises--Series A 416 (5) Problems--Series A 421 (5) Exercises--Series B 426 (6) Problems--Series B 432 (5) Analyze, Think, Communicate 437 (3) Comprehensive Problem 440 (2) Accounting for Long-Term Operational Assets 442 (58) Chapter Opening 443 (1) Tangible Versus Intangible Assets 444 (1) Tangible Long-Term Assets 444 (1) Intangible Assets 444 (1) Determining the Cost of Long-Term Assets 445 (1) Basket Purchase Allocation 445 (1) Life Cycle of Operational Assets 446 (1) Methods of Recognizing Depreciation Expense 446 (9) Straight-Line Depreciation 447 (3) Double-Declining-Balance Depreciation 450 (2) Units-of-Production Depreciation 452 (1) Comparing the Depreciation Methods 453 (2) Income Tax Considerations 455 (1) Revision of Estimates 456 (1) Revision of Life 456 (1) Revision of Salvage 456 (1) Continuing Expenditures for Plant Assets 457 (2) Costs that Are Expensed 457 (1) Costs that Are Capitalized 457 (2) Natural Resources 459 (1) Intangible Assets 460 (2) Trademarks 460 (1) Patents 460 (1) Copyrights 460 (1) Franchises 460 (1) Goodwill 461 (1) Expense Recognition for Intangible Assets 462 (2) Expensing Intangible Assets with Identifiable Useful Lives 462 (1) Impairment Losses for Intangible Assets with Indefinite Useful Lives 463 (1) Balance Sheet Presentation 464 (1) The Financial Analyst 464 (2) A Look Back 466 (1) A Look Forward 467 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 467 (1) Key Terms 468 (1) Questions 468 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 469 (1) Exercises--Series A 469 (6) Problems--Series A 475 (6) Exercises--Series B 481 (5) Problems--Series B 486 (6) Analyze, Think, Communicate 492 (6) Comprehensive Problem 498 (2) Accounting for Long-Term Debt 500 (58) Chapter Opening 501 (1) Installment Notes Payable 502 (3) Line of Credit 505 (1) Bond Liabilities 505 (7) Advantages of Issuing Bonds 506 (1) Security of Bonds 507 (1) Timing of Maturity 507 (1) Special Features 508 (1) Bond Ratings 508 (1) Bonds Issued at Face Value 509 (1) Recording Procedures 509 (1) Effect of Events on Financial Statements 510 (1) Financial Statements 511 (1) Bonds Issued at a Discount 512 (5) Effective Interest Rate 512 (1) Bond Prices 513 (1) Mason Company Revisited 513 (2) Effect on Financial Statements 515 (2) Effect of Semiannual Interest Payments 517 (1) Bonds Issued at a Premium 517 (1) The Market Rate of Interest 518 (1) Bond Redemptions 518 (1) Security for Loan Agreements 519 (1) The Financial Analyst 519 (3) A Look Back 522 (1) A Look Forward 522 (1) Appendix 523 (4) Self-Study Review Problem 527 (1) Key Terms 527 (1) Questions 528 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 529 (1) Exercises--Series A 529 (7) Problems--Series A 536 (3) Exercises--Series B 539 (7) Problems--Series B 546 (4) Analyze, Think, Communicate 550 (6) Comprehensive Problem 556 (2) Accounting for Equity Transactions 558 (46) Chapter Opening 560 (1) Formation of Business Organizations 560 (1) Ownership Agreements 560 (1) Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Forms of Business Organization 560 (3) Regulation 560 (1) Double Taxation 561 (1) Limited Liability 562 (1) Continuity 562 (1) Transferability of Ownership 563 (1) Management Structure 563 (1) Ability to Raise Capital 563 (1) Appearance of Capital Structure in Financial Statements 563 (2) Presentation of Equity in Proprietorships 563 (1) Presentation of Equity in Partnerships 564 (1) Presentation of Equity in Corporations 565 (1) Characteristics of Capital Stock 565 (1) Par Value 565 (1) Stated Value 565 (1) Other Valuation Terminology 566 (1) Stock: Authorized, Issued, and Outstanding 566 (1) Classes of Stock 566 (2) Common Stock 566 (1) Preferred Stock 567 (1) Accounting for Stock Transactions on the Day of Issue 568 (2) Issuing Par Value Stock 568 (1) Stock Clarification 568 (1) Stock Issued at Stated Value 569 (1) Stock Issued with No-Par Value 569 (1) Financial Statement Presentation 570 (1) Stockholders' Equity Transactions after the Day of Issue 570 (4) Treasury Stock 570 (2) Cash Dividend 572 (1) Stock Dividend 573 (1) Stock Split 573 (1) Appropriation of Retained Earnings 574 (1) Financial Statement Presentation 574 (1) The Financial Analyst 575 (2) A Look Back 577 (1) A Look Forward 578 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 578 (1) Key Terms 579 (1) Questions 579 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 580 (1) Exercises--Series A 581 (4) Problems--Series A 585 (3) Exercises--Series B 588 (5) Problems--Series B 593 (3) Analyze, Think, Communicate 596 (6) Comprehensive Problem 602 (2) Statement of Cash Flows 604 (51) Chapter Opening 605 (1) Operating Activities 606 (1) Investing Activities 606 (1) Financing Activities 606 (1) Noncash Investing and Financing Activities 606 (1) Reporting Format for the Statement of Cash Flows 606 (1) Converting from Accrual to Cash-Basis Accounting 607 (5) Operating Activities 609 (1) Procedures for Determining Cash Flow from Operating Activities under the Indirect Method 610 (2) Preparing the Operating Activities Section of the Statement of Cash Flows Using the Direct Method 612 (9) Preparing the Investing Activities Section of the Statement of Cash Flows 615 (2) Preparing the Financing Activities Section of We Statement of Cash Flows 617 (4) Preparing the Schedule of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities for the Statement of Cash Flows 621 (1) The Financial Analyst 621 (2) A Look Back 623 (1) A Look Forward 623 (1) Appendix 624 (1) Self-Study Review Problem 625 (3) Key Terms 628 (1) Questions 628 (1) Multiple-Choice Questions 629 (1) Exercises--Series A 629 (4) Problems--Series A 633 (6) Exercises--Series B 639 (4) Problems--Series B 643 (6) Analyze, Think, Communicate 649 (6) (Online) Financial Statement Analysis Appendix A Accessing the EDGAR Database Through the Internet 655 (1) Appendix B Annual Report for The Topps Company, Inc. 656 (55) Appendix C Summary of Financial Ratios 711 (3) Appendix D Annual Report and Financial Statement Analysis Projects 714 (11) Appendix E Accounting for Investment Securities 725 (9) Appendix F Time Value of Money 734 (8) Glossary 742 (11) Photo Credits 753 (1) Index 754…”

Audit assurance and related services / par National Board of Accountants and Auditors (NBAA)

Table des matières: “…Table of Contents Section Title Page Foreword v Preface xiv Acknowledgement xviii Chapter 1 The Auditing Profession 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Classification of audits 3 1.3 The auditing profession 4 1.4 Assurance services 4 1.5 Related services 6 1.6 Change of engagement from assurance to related service 7 1.7 Other Professional services provided by audit firms 8 1.8 Summary of services 11 1.9 Legislations regulating the conduct of auditing in Tanzania 12 1.10 Professional qualifications and ethical standards 19 1.11 Professional Ethics 22 1.12 Code of Professional Ethics for Professional accountants 24 1.13 Ethical standards when providing Tax Practice 27 1.14 Chapter summary 29 1.15 Exercises and problems 29 Chapter 2 International Developments in Auditing 31 2.1 Brief history of auditing profession in Tanzania 32 2.2 Role of NBAA in the development of the profession 33 2.3 International developments in Auditing 33 2.4 IAASB Standards and their areas of application 34 2.5 Overview of the International Standards on Auditing 34 2.6 Auditors' duty of care and professional liability 44 2.7 Case studies to illustrate third party liability 47 2.8 Auditors Liability under the Acts 51 2.9 Avoiding or minimizing potential claim/litigation against an auditor 55 2.10 Audit practices in selected countries 57 2.11 Recent developments in auditing 57 2.12 Chapter summary 60 2.13 Exercises and problems 61 Chapter 3 Auditing in ICT Environment 64 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Nature and types of computerized accounting systems 65 3.3 Internal controls in ICT environments 65 3.4 Information technology and the audit challenges 67 3.5 Use of ICT in auditing 67 3.6 Computer Assisted Audit Techniques (CAATs) - IAPS 1009 70 3.7 Special features of a small computer system 71 3.8 Software Bureaus houses 72 3.9 Example: CAAP for Tax assessment 73 3.10 Audit evidence in a computerized system 74 3.11 E-commerce, e-procurement, e-tax 76 3.12 Auditing E-commerce activities 79 3.13 Chapter summary 81 3.14 Exercises, problems, and case studies 82 Chapter 4 Audit of Specialized Entities 87 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Audit of Group and Joint venture accounts 88 4.3 Audit of banks, insurance companies, and Social Security Funds 91 4.4 Audit of Stock Markets 94 4.5 Corporate Governance Rules and Regulations at DSE 101 4.6 Audit of Hotels and Tourist organizations 104 4.7 Audit of mining companies 104 4.8 Audit of Publishing Houses 106 4.9 Audit of Shipping companies 107 4.10 Audit of Small businesses 108 4.11 Chapter summary 109 4.12 Exercises, problems, and case study 110 Chapter 5 Audit of Not-for-Profit Organizations 116 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Audit of Charities 117 5.3 Audit of Civil Society Organizations 128 5.4 Audit of Clubs and Associations 128 5.5 Audit of NGOs (e.g., REPOA, Haki-Elimu) 129 5.6 Audit of Academic and Research organizations 131 5.7 Chapter summary 132 5.8 Exercises and problems 133 Chapter 6 Management Audit 135 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Comparison with other (compliance or statutory) audits 136 6.3 Management audit as a consultancy 138 6.4 Objectives and scope of management auditing 139 6.5 Audit and advisory services 140 6.6 Appraisal of Client's Operational Plans and Objectives 141 6.7 Appraisal of Client's Organizational Structure and skills 141 6.8 Evaluation and Assessment of Client's Performance 143 6.9 Appraisal of Client's Control of Operations 146 6.10 Operational Audit 146 6.11 Steps in Operational auditing 147 6.12 Corporate Management Audit 149 6.13 Steps in a Corporate Management Audit assignment 156 6.14 Client Service Reports 158 6.15 Qualities of management auditors 160 6.16 Limitations of management audits 162 6.17 Chapter summary 162 6.18 Exercises and problems 163 Chapter 7 Business Investigations 166 7.1 Meaning of the term "Investigation" 167 7.2 Audit as compared to Investigation 167 7.3 Classes of Investigation 169 7.4 Investigation for Proposed Purchaser, Partner or Promoter 170 7.5 Investigation for Company Reports in a Prospectus 176 7.6 Investigation for Take-over or Merger 178 7.7 Investigation on behalf of a Creditor or bank credit 179 7.8 Investigation for valuation of Shares in a Company 180 7.9 The Corporate Business Plan 181 7.10 Exercises and Questions 184 Chapter 8 Public Sector Audits 186 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 The ISSAI Framework 187 8.3 The Fundamental auditing principles 188 8.4 Basic Postulates (principles) 189 8.5 The General Standards 191 8.6 Field Standards 195 8.7 Reporting Standards 198 8.8 Financial or regularity audits 199 8.9 Financial audit reports 199 8.10 Procurement audit 202 8.11 Performance audit 206 8.12 Comparison: Management audit vs Performance audit 206 8.13 Examination of Clients' Performance 207 8.14 Performance budgeting and measurement 210 8.15 Performance audit reports 213 8.16 Comparison: Public vs Commercial sector audits 213 8.17 Objectives of government auditing 214 8.18 Tanzania public sector entities and legislations 215 8.19 The Public Audit Act 2008 215 8.20 The Controller function 215 8.21 The audit function 216 8.22 Reporting obligations in Public sector audits 217 8.23 Dissemination of public audit reports 223 8.24 Chapter summary 224 8.25 Exercises and problems 225 Chapter 9 Corporate Governance Audits 226 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 Audit regulation 227 9.3 Corporate governance 228 9.4 Good corporate governance 229 9.5 Corporate governance framework 230 9.6 Audits and the role of the governance auditor 233 9.7 The need for a corporate governance auditor 234 9.8 Role of stakeholders in corporate governance 236 9.9 Role of Board of Directors, MAB, and LGA Council 237 9.10 Communicating with those charged with governance 238 9.11 Role of External Auditor (CPA-PP) in governance audit 239 9.11.1 Relationships with accounting officer, MAB, Council, Board 240 9.11.2 Relationships of CPA-PP with the Audit Committee 241 9.11.3 Relationships between Regulators and the CPA-PP 241 9.12 Laws, codes, and statues relevant to corporate governance 242 9.13 Effect of laws and codes to governance audits 248 9.14 Actions to be taken by (private) companies 250 9.15 Audit matters of governance interest 251 9.16 Transparency, Integrity and Accountability examinations 252 9.17 Corporate Social Responsibility and Rating System 257 9.18 International aspects of governance audits 257 9.19 Rotation of Governance auditors 260 9.20 Chapter summary 261 9.21 Exercises, problems and cases 262 Chapter 10 Environmental Audits 267 10.1 Meaning of Environmental Audits 268 10.2 Scope of Environmental audit 268 10.3 Benefits of environmental audit 269 10.4 Relevance to Financial audit 270 10.5 Components/Projects of an Environmental audit Program 272 10.6 Environmental auditors and the use of experts 272 10.7 Professional standards in Environmental audits 274 10.8 Substantive procedures in Environmental auditing 277 10.9 Environmental Audit Report 278 10.10 Management representations on Environmental audits 279 10.11 Long-term Projects of Environmental audit 279 10.12 Relations between Performance and Environmental audits 280 10.13 Limitations of Environmental audit 281 10.14 Social Auditing 281 10.15 Components of Social audit process 282 10.16 Usefulness of Social audits 282 10.17 Purpose of Social audit in a public entity 283 10.18 Operational audits 286 10.19 Operational audit in the public sector 287 10.20 Steps in Operational auditing 288 10.21 Limitations of Operational audits 290 10.22 Environmental (Internal and External) Risk Audit 290 10.23 Chapter summary 293 10.24 Exercises and problems 294 Chapter 11 Assurance Engagements & Prospective Information 297 11.1 Introduction 298 11.2 Assurance engagements 298 11.3 International Framework for assurance engagements 299 11.4 ISA 120: Framework of International Standards on Auditing 301 11.5 Auditing and Assurance services 302 11.6 Management assertions and levels of assurance 303 11.7 Related services and Limited (Moderate) assurances 305 11.8 Planning an assurance engagement 306 11.9 Risk assessments and internal controls 307 11.10 Execution of assurance engagement 309 11.11 Audit documentation 311 11.12 Form and content of assurance reports 312 11.13 Quality control and Quality Review 312 11.14 Procedures for a review engagement 313 11.15 Final Review of Financial Statements 315 11.16 Structure and components of Independent Audit Reports 317 11.17 Accountability and Transparency: Client Service Reports 320 11.18 Modifications in Audit Reports 321 11.19 Small entities 323 11.20 Client Service Reports 324 11.21 Relations: Audit Reports and Client Service Reports 325 11.22 Tanzania public sector perspective 326 11.23 Reporting obligations by the auditor 331 11.24 Chapter summary 332 11.25 Exercises, problems, and case studies 333 Chapter 12 Follow-up and Oversight on Audit Reports 336 12.1 Discharge of the audit 337 12.2 Disposal of audit reports in private sector audits 339 12.3 Disposal of audit reports in public sector audits 339 12.4 Role of the Auditor General 340 12.5 Reporting obligations by the Auditor General 341 12.6 Role of Parliamentary Committees on Public accounts 342 12.7 Scope of Parliamentary Committees' examination 343 12.8 Independent report of the Committee to Parliament 346 12.9 Follow-up of Committee's recommendations 350 12.10 Supremacy of the Parliament 350 12.11 Supremacy over public finances and stewardship 352 12.12 Chapter summary 354 12.13 Exercises, problems, and case study 354 Chapter 13 Fraud and Corruption Audits 356 13.1 Introduction 357 13.2 Fraud and its ramifications 357 13.3 Types of fraud 358 13.4 Some reasons for the growth of fraud 361 13.5 Common theft scams 361 13.6 Management (or Corporate) Fraud 362 13.7 Symptoms (indicators) of management fraud 365 13.8 Controlling management frauds 366 13.9 Employee (or Transaction) Fraud 367 13.10 Accounting fraud 367 13.11 Procurement fraud 370 13.12 Actions to prevent procurement fraud 372 13.13 Corporate crimes 373 13.14 Crimes for and against the entity 374 13.15 Duty to detect Fraud, Theft and Embezzlement 375 13.16 Techniques of detection 378 13.17 Understanding the symptoms of fraud 378 13.18 Being alert to symptoms of fraud 379 13.19 Investigating and Reporting on Fraud 380 13.20 Internal Control for Fraud Detection 380 13.21 Fraud mitigation 381 13.22 Fraud deterrence 381 13.23 Prevention of fraud 385 13.24 Computerized fraud 387 13.25 Fraud 387 13.26 E-fraud and E-corruption 387 13.27 Corruption 392 13.28 Dealing with Corruption 393 13.29 Forensic Auditing by a CPA-PP 395 13.30 Types of Fraud investigation assignments 396 13.31 Application of Forensic auditing 397 13.32 Execution of an Investigation 399 13.33 Reporting on Forensic investigations 402 13.34 Technical recommendations on controlling fraud 404 13.35 Challenges and issues for consideration 409 13.36 Public interest and/or Conflict of interest 411 13.37 Corporate integrity 412 13.38 Promoting public and personal integrity 413 13.39 Auditor's relationships with watchdog institutions 414 13.40 Chapter summary 414 13.41 Exercises, problems and case studies 415 Chapter 14 Money Laundering Audit 419 14.1 Meaning of Money Laundering 420 14.2 Developments on Money Laundering 420 14.3 The process of Money Laundering 421 14.4 Fighting Money Laundering 423 14.5 The Anti-Money Laundering Act No. 12 of 2006 423 14.6 Asset theft, Money Laundering, and audit process 424 14.7 Money Laundering audit 424 14.8 Chapter summary 434 14.9 Exercises and case studies 434 Chapter 15 Contemporary Issues and the Future 438 15.1 Introduction 439 15.2 The IAASB 439 15.3 Professional pronouncements and exposure drafts 439 15.4 Current issues and pronouncements in auditing 441 15.5 The future of the Audit Profession 441 15.6 Auditing technology 442 15.7 Implications of Electronic Evidence 442 15.8 Standards for Interactions with Technology 443 15.9 Information Credibility (Assurance) Services 443 15.10 The Expectations Gap 444 15.11 Chapter summary 449 15.12 Problems 449 List of Abbreviations and audit terms used 452 Bibliography 457…”