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Fundamentals of human resource management : emerging experiences from Africa / by Itika, Josephat Stephen

Table of Contents: “…Introduction to human resource management 2. Strategic human resource management 27 3. …”
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Fundamentals of human resource management : emerging experiences from Africa / by Itika, Josephat Stephen

Table of Contents: “…Introduction to human resource management 2. Strategic human resource management 27 3. …”
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Cost and management accounting : an introduction

Table of Contents: “…Preface xiii Part One Introduction to Cost and Management Accounting 1 (38) Introduction to management accounting 3 (16) The users of accounting information 4 (1) Differences between management accounting and financial accounting 5 (1) The decision-making process 5 (5) Changing competitive environment 10 (1) Focus on customer satisfaction and new management approaches 10 (3) The impact of the changing environment of management accounting systems 13 (1) Functions of management accounting 14 (2) Summary of the contents of this book 16 (3) An introduction to cost terms and concepts 19 (20) Cost objects 19 (1) Direct and indirect costs 20 (2) Period and product costs 22 (1) Cost behaviour 22 (5) Relevant and irrelevant costs and revenues 27 (1) Avoidable and unavoidable costs 28 (1) Sunk costs 28 (1) Opportunity costs 28 (1) Incremental and marginal costs 29 (1) Job costing and process costing systems 30 (1) Maintaining a cost database 30 (9) Part Two Cost Accumulation for Inventory Valuation and Profit Measurement 39 (158) Accounting for labour and materials 41 (30) Accounting for labour costs 42 (2) Accounting treatment of various labour cost items 44 (1) Materials recording procedure 45 (2) Pricing the issues of materials 47 (4) Issues relating to accounting for materials 51 (2) Quantitative models for the planning and control of stocks 53 (1) Relevant costs for quantitative models under conditions of certainty 53 (1) Determining the economic order quantity 54 (3) Assumptions of the EOQ formula 57 (1) Determining when to place the order 57 (1) Control of stocks through classification 58 (1) Materials requirement planning 59 (1) Just-in-time systems 60 (11) Cost assignment 71 (36) Assignment of direct and indirect costs 72 (1) Different costs for different purposes 72 (2) Cost-benefit issues and cost systems design 74 (1) Assigning direct costs to objects 75 (1) Plant-wide (blanket) overhead rates 75 (2) The two-stage allocation process 77 (1) An illustration of the two-stage process for a traditional costing system 78 (7) Extracting relevant costs for decision-making 85 (1) Budgeted overhead rates 85 (1) Under-and over-recovery of overheads 86 (1) Maintaining the database at standard costs 87 (1) Non-manufacturing overheads 88 (4) Appendix 4.1: Inter-service department reallocations 92 (4) Appendix 4.2: Other allocation bases used by traditional systems 96 (11) Accounting entries for a job costing system 107 (24) Control accounts 108 (1) Recording the purchase of raw materials 109 (1) Recording the issue of materials 109 (3) Accounting procedure for labour costs 112 (1) Accounting procedure for manufacturing overheads 113 (2) Non-manufacturing overheads 115 (1) Accounting procedures for jobs completed and products sold 115 (1) Costing profit and loss account 116 (1) Interlocking accounting 116 (1) Contract costing 117 (5) Work in progress valuation and amounts recoverable on contracts 122 (9) Process costing 131 (32) Flow of production and costs in a process costing system 132 (1) Process costing when all output is fully complete 133 (6) Process costing with ending work in progress partially complete 139 (3) Beginning and ending work in progress of uncompleted units 142 (5) Partially completed output and losses in process 147 (1) Process costing for decision-making and control 147 (1) Batch/operating costing 148 (1) Surveys of practice 149 (3) Appendix 6.1: Losses in process and partially completed units 152 (11) Joint and by-product costing 163 (16) Distinguishing between joint products and by-products 163 (2) Methods of allocating joint costs 165 (7) Irrelevance of joint cost allocations for decision-making 172 (1) Accounting for by-products 173 (1) By-products, scrap and waste 174 (5) Income effects of alternative cost accumulation systems 179 (18) External and internal reporting 180 (1) Variable costing 181 (1) Absorption costing 182 (1) Variable costing and absorption costing: a comparison of their impact on profit 183 (3) A mathematical model of the profit functions 186 (1) Some arguments in support of variable costing 187 (1) Some arguments in support of absorption costing 188 (1) Surveys of company practice 189 (2) Appendix 8.1: Derivation of the profit function for an absorption costing system 191 (6) Part Three Information for Decision-making 197 (112) Cost-volume--profit analysis 199 (30) The economist's model 200 (2) The accountant's cost--volume--profit model 202 (2) A mathematical approach to cost-volume--profit analysis 204 (4) Margin of safety 208 (1) Constructing the break-even chart 208 (1) Alternative presentation of cost--volume--profit analysis 208 (2) Multi-product cost--volume--profit analysis 210 (3) Cost--volume--profit analysis assumptions 213 (3) Cost--volume--profit analysis and computer applications 216 (1) Separation of semi-variable costs 216 (13) Measuring relevant costs and revenues for decision-making 229 (28) The meaning of relevance 230 (1) Importance of qualitative factors 230 (1) Special pricing decisions 231 (4) Product-mix decisions when capacity constraints exist 235 (2) Replacement of equipment -- the irrelevance of past costs 237 (2) Outsourcing and make or buy decisions 239 (4) Discontinuation decisions 243 (2) Determining the relevant costs of direct materials 245 (1) Determining the relevant costs of direct labour 245 (12) Activity-based costing 257 (28) The role of a cost accumulation system in generating relevant cost information for decision-making 258 (1) Types of cost systems 259 (1) A comparison of traditional and ABC systems 260 (2) The emergence of ABC systems 262 (1) Volume-based and non-volume-based cost drivers 262 (3) An illustration of the two-stage process for an ABC system 265 (4) Designing ABC systems 269 (3) Activity hierarchies 272 (1) Cost versus benefits considerations 273 (1) Periodic review of an ABC data base 274 (1) ABC in service organizations 274 (1) ABC cost management applications 275 (10) Capital investment decisions 285 (24) The opportunity cost of an investment 286 (1) Compounding and discounting 286 (2) The concept of net present value 288 (2) Calculating net present values 290 (1) The internal rate of return 291 (3) Relevant cash flows 294 (1) Timing of cash flows 294 (1) Techniques that ignore the time value of money 295 (1) Payback method 295 (3) Accounting rate of return 298 (1) Qualitative factors 299 (2) Appendix 12.1: Taxation and investment decisions 301 (8) Part Four Information for Planning, Control and Performance Measurement 309 (106) The budgeting process 311 (28) Relationship between budgeting and long-term planning 312 (1) The multiple functions of budgets 312 (2) Conflicting roles of budgets 314 (1) The budget period 314 (1) Administration of the budgeting process 315 (1) Stages in the budgeting process 316 (4) A detailed illustration 320 (1) Sales budget 320 (3) Production budget and budgeted stock levels 323 (1) Direct materials usage budget 324 (1) Direct materials purchase budget 324 (1) Direct labour budget 325 (1) Factory overhead budget 325 (1) Selling and administration budget 326 (1) Departmental budgets 327 (1) Master budget 327 (2) Cash budgets 329 (1) Final review 329 (1) Computerized budgeting 330 (9) Management control systems 339 (28) Different types of controls 340 (3) Cybernetic control systems 343 (1) Feedback and feed-forward controls 343 (1) Management accounting control systems 344 (1) Responsibility centres 344 (2) The nature of management accounting control systems 346 (1) The controllability principle 347 (4) Setting financial performance targets 351 (1) Participation in the budgeting and target setting process 352 (2) Non-financial performance measures 354 (1) Activity-based cost management 355 (12) Standard costing and variance analysis 367 (48) Operation of a standard costing system 368 (3) Establishing cost standards 371 (3) Types of cost standards 374 (4) Variance analysis 378 (1) Material variances 378 (1) Material price variances 379 (2) Material usage variance 381 (1) Total material variance 382 (1) Labour variances 382 (1) Wage rate variance 382 (1) Labour efficiency variance 383 (1) Total labour variance 384 (1) Variable overhead variances 384 (1) Variable overhead expenditure variance 384 (1) Variable overhead efficiency variance 385 (1) Similarities between materials, labour and overhead variances 386 (1) Fixed overhead expenditure or spending variance 386 (1) Sales variances 387 (1) Total sales margin variance 387 (1) Sales margin price variance 388 (1) Sales margin volume variance 389 (1) Reconciling budgeted profit and actual profit 389 (1) Standard absorption costing 389 (2) Volume variance 391 (1) Volume efficiency variance 392 (1) Volume capacity variance 393 (1) Summary of fixed overhead variances 393 (1) Reconciliation of budgeted and actual profit for a standard absorption costing system 393 (2) Performance reports 395 (3) Recording standard costs in the accounts 398 (17) Questions 415 (126) Bibliography 541 (4) Appendices 545 (4) Appendix A 546 (1) Appendix B 547 (2) Index 549…”

A preface to marketing management / by Peter, J. Paul

Table of Contents: “…4 (9) Strategic Planning and Marketing Management 4 (1) The Strategic Planning Process 5 (8) The Complete Strategic Plan 13 (1) The Marketing Management Process 13 (5) Situation Analysis 14 (2) Marketing Planning 16 (2) Implementation and Control of the Marketing Plan 18 (1) Marketing Information Systems and Marketing Research 18 (1) The Strategic Plan, the Marketing Plan, and Other Functional Area Plans 18 (2) Marketing's Role in Cross-Functional Strategic Planning 18 (2) Conclusion 20 (3) Appendix Portfolio Models 23 (4) PART B MARKETING INFORMATION, RESEARCH, AND UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET MARKET 27 (50) Marketing Research: Process and Systems for Decision Making 28 (12) The Role of Marketing Research 28 (1) The Marketing Research Process 29 (9) Purpose of the Research 29 (1) Plan of the Research 30 (5) Performance of the Research 35 (1) Processing of Research Data 35 (1) Preparation of the Research Report 36 (1) Limitations of the Research Process 36 (2) Marketing Information Systems 38 (1) Conclusion 39 (1) Consumer Behavior 40 (13) Social Influences on Consumer Decision Making 41 (2) Culture and Subculture 41 (1) Social Class 42 (1) Reference Groups and Families 43 (1) Marketing Influences on Consumer Decision Making 43 (2) Product Influences 43 (1) Price Influences 43 (1) Promotion Influences 44 (1) Place Influences 44 (1) Situational Influences on Consumer Decision Making 45 (1) Psychological Influences on Consumer Decision Making 45 (1) Product Knowledge 45 (1) Product Involvement 46 (1) Consumer Decision Making 46 (6) Need Recognition 47 (1) Alternative Search 48 (1) Alternative Evaluation 49 (1) Purchase Decision 49 (1) Postpurchase Evaluation 50 (2) Conclusion 52 (1) Business, Government, and Institutional Buying 53 (11) Categories of Organizational Buyers 53 (1) Producers 53 (1) Intermediaries 54 (1) Government Agencies 54 (1) Other Institutions 54 (1) The Organizational Buying Process 54 (1) Purchase-Type Influences on Organizational Buying 55 (1) Straight Rebuy 55 (1) Modified Rebuy 55 (1) New Task Purchase 55 (1) Structural Influences on Organizational Buying 56 (2) Purchasing Roles 56 (1) Organization-Specific Factors 57 (1) Purchasing Policies and Procedures 57 (1) Behavioral Influences on Organizational Buying 58 (2) Personal Motivations 58 (1) Role Perceptions 58 (2) Stages in the Organizational Buying Process 60 (3) Organizational Need 61 (1) Vendor Analysis 61 (1) Purchase Activities 61 (1) Postpurchase Evaluation 61 (2) Conclusion 63 (1) Market Segmentation 64 (13) Delineate the Firm's Current Situation 64 (1) Determine Consumer Needs and Wants 65 (1) Divide Markets on Relevant Dimensions 65 (8) A Priori versus Post Hoc Segmentation 66 (1) Relevance of Segmentation Dimensions 66 (1) Bases for Segmentation 67 (6) Develop Product Positioning 73 (1) Decide Segmentation Strategy 74 (1) Design Marketing Mix Strategy 75 (1) Conclusion 76 (1) PART C THE MARKETING MIX 77 (90) Product and Brand Strategy 78 (16) Basic Issues in Product Management 78 (9) Product Definition 78 (1) Product Classification 79 (1) Product Quality and Value 80 (1) Product Mix and Product Line 81 (1) Branding and Brand Equity 82 (4) Packaging 86 (1) Product Life Cycle 87 (2) Product Adoption and Diffusion 89 (1) The Product Audit 90 (2) Deletions 90 (1) Product Improvement 90 (2) Organizing for Product Management 92 (1) Conclusion 93 (1) New Product Planning and Development 94 (13) New Product Strategy 95 (2) New Product Planning and Development Process 97 (5) Idea Generation 97 (2) Idea Screening 99 (1) Project Planning 99 (1) Product Development 100 (1) Test Marketing 100 (1) Commercialization 101 (1) The Importance of Time 101 (1) Some Important New Product Decisions 102 (3) Quality Level 102 (2) Product Features 104 (1) Product Design 104 (1) Product Safety 104 (1) Causes of New Product Failure 105 (1) Need for Research 105 (1) Conclusion 106 (1) Integrated Marketing Communications: Advertising, Sales Promotion, Public Relations, and Direct Marketing 107 (19) Strategic Goals of Marketing Communication 107 (1) Create Awareness 107 (1) Build Positive Images 108 (1) Identify Prospects 108 (1) Build Channel Relationships 108 (1) Retain Customers 108 (1) The Promotion Mix 108 (1) Integrated Marketing Communications 109 (2) Advertising: Planning and Strategy 111 (1) Objectives of Advertising 111 (1) Advertising Decisions 112 (7) The Expenditure Question 113 (2) The Allocation Question 115 (4) Sales Promotion 119 (4) Push versus Pull Marketing 119 (2) Trade Sales Promotions 121 (1) Consumer Promotions 121 (1) What Sales Promotion Can and Can't Do 121 (2) Public Relations 123 (1) Direct Marketing 123 (1) Conclusion 124 (1) Appendix: Major Federal Agencies Involved in Control of Advertising 125 (1) Personal Selling, Relationship Building, and Sales Management 126 (15) Importance of Personal Selling 126 (1) The Sales Process 127 (7) Objectives of the Sales Force 127 (1) The Sales Relationship-Building Process 128 (5) People Who Support the Sales Force 133 (1) Managing the Sales and Relationship-Building Process 134 (6) The Sales Management Task 135 (1) Controlling the Sales Force 136 (3) Motivating and Compensating Performance 139 (1) Conclusion 140 (1) Distribution Strategy 141 (16) The Need for Marketing Intermediaries 141 (1) Classification of Marketing Intermediaries and Functions 141 (2) Channels of Distribution 143 (1) Selecting Channels of Distribution 144 (3) Specific Considerations 144 (3) Managing a Channel of Distribution 147 (3) Relationship Marketing in Channels 147 (1) Vertical Marketing Systems 147 (3) Wholesaling 150 (1) Store and Nonstore Retailing 151 (4) Store Retailing 151 (1) Nonstore Retailing 152 (3) Conclusion 155 (2) Pricing Strategy 157 (10) Demand Influences on Pricing Decisions 157 (2) Demographic Factors 157 (1) Psychological Factors 157 (1) Price Elasticity 158 (1) Supply Influences on Pricing Decisions 159 (3) Pricing Objectives 159 (1) Cost Considerations in Pricing 159 (2) Product Considerations in Pricing 161 (1) Environmental Influences on Pricing Decisions 162 (1) Competition 162 (1) Government Regulations 162 (1) A General Pricing Model 163 (3) Set Pricing Objectives 163 (1) Evaluate Product-Price Relationships 163 (1) Estimate Costs and Other Price Limitations 164 (1) Analyze Profit Potential 165 (1) Set Initial Price Structure 165 (1) Change Price as Needed 166 (1) Conclusion 166 (1) PART D MARKETING IN SPECIAL FIELDS 167 (32) The Marketing of Services 168 (15) Important Characteristics of Services 170 (4) Intangibility 170 (1) Inseparability 171 (1) Perishability and Fluctuating Demand 172 (1) Client Relationship 172 (1) Customer Effort 173 (1) Uniformity 174 (1) Providing Quality Services 174 (2) Customer Satisfaction Measurement 175 (1) The Importance of Internal Marketing 175 (1) Overcoming the Obstacles in Service Marketing 176 (2) Limited View of Marketing 177 (1) Limited Competition 177 (1) Noncreative Management 177 (1) No Obsolescence 178 (1) The Service Challenge 178 (4) Banking 179 (1) Health Care 179 (1) Insurance 180 (1) Travel 180 (1) Implications for Service Marketers 181 (1) Conclusion 182 (1) Global Marketing 183 (16) The Competitive Advantage of Nations 184 (1) Organizing for Global Marketing 185 (5) Problems with Entering Foreign Markets 185 (2) Organizing the Multinational Company 187 (3) Programming for Global Marketing 190 (5) Global Marketing Research 190 (2) Global Product Strategy 192 (1) Global Distribution Strategy 193 (1) Global Pricing Strategy 194 (1) Global Advertising and Sales Promotion Strategy 194 (1) Entry and Growth Strategies for Global Marketing 195 (2) Conclusion 197 (2) SECTION II ANALYZING MARKETING PROBLEMS AND CASES 199 (14) A Case Analysis Framework 200 (7) Analyze and Record the Current Situation 201 (4) Analyze and Record Problems and Their Core Elements 205 (1) Formulate, Evaluate, and Record Alternative Courses of Action 206 (1) Select and Record the Chosen Alternative and Implementation Details 206 (1) Pitfalls to Avoid in Case Analysis 207 (1) Communicating Case Analyses 208 (4) The Written Report 209 (2) The Oral Presentation 211 (1) Conclusion 212 (1) SECTION III FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING DECISIONS 213 (10) Financial Analysis 214 (8) Break-Even Analysis 214 (2) Net Present Value Analysis 216 (2) Ratio Analysis 218 (4) Conclusion 222 (1) SECTION IV DEVELOPING MARKETING PLANS 223 (12) A Marketing Plan Framework 224 (9) Title Page 225 (1) Executive Summary 225 (1) Table of Contents 226 (1) Introduction 226 (1) Situational Analysis 226 (1) Marketing Planning 226 (2) Implementation and Control of the Marketing Plan 228 (2) Summary 230 (1) Appendix---Financial Analysis 230 (3) References 233 (1) Conclusion 233 (2) Chapter Notes 235 (7) Index 242…”

OM / by Collier, David A.

Table of Contents: “…Goods, Services, and Operations Management 2 (16) Operations Management 3 (1) OM in the Workplace 4 (2) Understanding Goods and Services 6 (2) Customer Benefit Packages 8 (3) Processes 11 (1) OM: A History of Change and Challenge 12 (2) A Focus on Efficiency 12 (1) The Quality Revolution 12 (1) Customization and Design 13 (1) Time-Based Competition 14 (1) The Service Revolution 14 (1) Current Challenges in OM 14 (4) Value Chains 18 (20) The Concept of Value 20 (1) Value Chain Perspectives 21 (4) An Example of a Value Chain: Buhrke Industries, Inc 23 (2) Supply Chains 25 (1) Value Chain Decisions 26 (3) Outsourcing and Vertical Integration 26 (1) The Economics of Outsourcing 27 (1) Value and Supply Chain Integration 28 (1) Offshoring 29 (3) Value Chains in a Global Business Environment 32 (6) A Global Value Chain: Rocky Shoes & Boots Company 32 (1) Issues in Global Value Chain Decisions 33 (1) Value Chains and Local Culture 34 (4) Measuring Performance in Operations 38 (20) Performance Measurement 39 (6) Financial Measures 40 (1) Customer and Market Measures 41 (1) Safety 42 (1) Quality 42 (1) Time 43 (1) Flexibility 44 (1) Innovation and Learning 44 (1) Productivity 45 (1) Linking Internal and External Measures 46 (1) The Value of a Loyal Customer 46 (1) Designing Measurement Systems in Operations 47 (1) Models of Organizational Performance 48 (10) Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Framework 48 (2) The Balanced Scorecard 50 (1) The Value Chain Model 51 (1) The Service-Profit Chain 52 (6) Operations Strategy 58 (18) Gaining Competitive Advantage 59 (1) Understanding Customer Requirements 60 (2) Evaluating Goods and Services 62 (1) Competitive Priorities 63 (4) Cost 64 (1) Quality 64 (2) Time 66 (1) Flexibility 66 (1) Innovation 66 (1) OM and Strategic Planning 67 (9) Operations Strategy at McDonald's 70 (6) Technology and Operations Management 76 (16) Understanding Technology in Operations 78 (2) Manufacturing Technology 78 (1) Service Technology 79 (1) Technology in Value Chains 80 (2) Integrated Operating Systems 82 (3) Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems (CIMS) 82 (1) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems 83 (1) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems 84 (1) Revenue Management Systems (RMS) 84 (1) Benefits and Challenges of Technology 85 (2) Technology Development and Adoption 87 (5) Goods and Service Design 92 (20) Desigining Goods and Services 93 (3) Robust Design and the Taguchi Loss Function 96 (2) Reliability 98 (1) Quality Function Deployment 99 (2) Product and Process Design in Manufacturing 101 (2) Quality Engineering 102 (1) Product and Process Simplification 102 (1) Design for Environmental Quality 103 (1) Service Delivery System Design 103 (2) Facility Location and Layout 104 (1) Servicescape 104 (1) Service Process and Job Design 104 (1) Technology and Information Support Systems 105 (1) Organizational Structure 105 (1) Service Encounter Design 105 (2) Customer Contact Behavior and Skills 106 (1) Service-Provider Selection, Development, and Empowerment 106 (1) Recognition and Reward 107 (1) Service Recovery and Guarantees 107 (1) An Integrative Case Study of LensCrafters 107 (5) Process Selection, Design, and Analysis 112 (20) Process Choice Decisions 114 (1) The Product-Process Matrix 115 (2) The Service-Positioning Matrix 117 (3) Process Design 120 (4) Process and Value Stream Mapping 121 (3) Process Analysis and Improvement 124 (2) Process Design and Resource Utilization 126 (6) Little's Law 128 (4) Facility and Work Design 132 (20) Facility Layout 134 (4) Product Layout 134 (1) Process Layout 135 (1) Cellular Layout 135 (1) Fixed-Position Layout 136 (1) Facility Layout in Service Organizations 137 (1) Designing Product Layouts 138 (5) Assembly Line Balancing 139 (2) Line Balancing Approaches 141 (2) Designing Process Layouts 143 (1) Workplace Design 144 (2) The Human Side of Work 146 (6) Supply Chain Design 152 (18) Understanding Supply Chains 154 (4) The Value and Supply Chain at Dell, Inc 156 (2) Designing the Supply Chain 158 (5) Efficient and Responsive Supply Chains 158 (1) Push and Pull Systems 158 (3) Supply Chain Design for Multisite Services 161 (1) Supply Chain Metrics 161 (1) The Bullwhip Effect 161 (2) Location Decisions in Supply Chains 163 (3) Critical Factors in Location Decisions 164 (1) Location Decision Process 164 (1) The Center of Gravity Method 165 (1) Other Issues in Supply Chain Management 166 (4) Capacity Management 170 (16) Understanding Capacity 172 (2) Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 172 (2) Capacity Measurement 174 (3) Safety Capacity 174 (1) Capacity Measurement in Job Shops 174 (1) Using Capacity Measures for Operations Planning 175 (2) Long-Term Capacity Strategies 177 (3) Capacity Expansion 178 (2) Short-Term Capacity Management 180 (1) Managing Capacity by Adjusting Short-Term Capacity Levels 180 (1) Managing Capacity by Shifting and Stimulating Demand 180 (1) Theory of Constraints 181 (5) Forecasting and Demand Planning 186 (22) Forecasting and Demand Planning 188 (1) Basic Concepts in Forecasting 189 (5) Forecast Planning Horizon 189 (1) Data Patterns in Time Series 190 (2) Forecast Errors and Accuracy 192 (2) Statistical Forecasting Models 194 (5) Single Moving Average 194 (2) Single Exponential Smoothing 196 (3) Regression as a Forecasting Approach 199 (4) Excel's Add Trendline Option 200 (1) Causal Forecasting Models with Multiple Regression 201 (2) Judgmental Forecating 203 (1) Forecasting in Practice 204 (4) Managing Inventories 208 (20) Understanding Inventory 210 (3) Key Definitions and Concepts 210 (2) Inventory Management Decisions and Costs 212 (1) Inventory Characteristics 213 (2) ABC Inventory Analysis 215 (1) Fixed Quantity Systems 215 (4) The EOQ Model 219 (3) Fixed Period Systems 222 (2) Single-Period Inventory Model 224 (4) Resource Management 228 (24) Resource Planning Framework for Goods and Services 230 (3) Aggregate Planning Options 233 (1) Strategies for Aggregate Planning 234 (2) Disaggregation in Manufacturing 236 (9) Master Production Scheduling 237 (1) Materials Requirements Planning 238 (2) Time Phasing and Lot Sizing in MRP 240 (5) Capacity Requirements Planning 245 (7) Operations Scheduling and Sequencing 252 (18) Understanding Scheduling and Sequencing 254 (1) Scheduling Applications and Approaches 255 (4) Staff Scheduling 255 (2) Appointment Systems 257 (2) Sequencing 259 (1) Sequencing Performance Criteria 259 (1) Sequencing Rules 260 (1) Applications of Sequencing Rules 260 (6) Single-Resource Sequencing Problem 260 (2) Two-Resource Sequencing Problem 262 (4) Schedule Monitoring and Control 266 (4) Quality Management 270 (18) Understanding Quality 272 (2) Influential Leaders in Modern Quality Management 274 (2) W. …”

Applied economics

Table of Contents: “…611 (1) The UK approach to reducing unemployment 612 (2) Key points 614 (1) Note 614 (1) References and further reading 614 (3) 24 Managing the economy 617 (36) Synopsis 617 (1) The objectives of policy 618 (1) The instruments of policy 619 (4) Problems in managing the economy 623 (1) The theory of economic policy 624 (5) Post-war macroeconomic policy in practice 629 (3) Medium-term economic strategy 632 (6) Supply-side strategy 638 (4) Policy effectiveness 642 (1) Economic policy in an international context 643 (2) Conclusion 645 (1) Key points 646 (1) Notes 647 (1) References and further reading 648 (5) PART IV: International economics 25 Exchange rates 653 (26) Synopsis 653 (1) The foreign exchange market 654 (2) Exchange rate definitions 656 (3) Exchange rate determination 659 (11) Economic policy and the exchange rate 670 (1) The gold standard system 671 (2) The IMF system 673 (2) The floating exchange rate system 675 (2) Key points 677 (1) Notes 677 (1) References and further reading 678 (1) 26 United Kingdom trade performance 679 (28) Synopsis 679 (1) The nature of the problem 680 (5) Reasons behind UK trade performance 685 (13) The importance of trade in goods for the UK 698 (3) Conclusion 701 (3) Key points 704 (1) References and further reading 704 (3) 27 Free trade, regional trading blocs and protectionism 707 (20) Synopsis 707 (1) Free trade 708 (3) Trade and the world economy 711 (4) Protectionism 715 (8) Conclusion 723 (1) Key points 724 (1) Note 725 (1) References and further reading 725 (2) 28 The European Union 727 (34) Synopsis 727 (1) Historical background 728 (4) Finance and the EU budget 732 (5) Policy areas 737 (14) Monetary union 751 (5) Enlargement 756 (1) Opting out? …”

Economics : private & public choice / by Gwartney, James D.

Table of Contents: “…628 (2) Personal Retirement Accounts and Social Security Reform 630 (2) Key Points 632 (1) Critical Analysis Questions 633 (1) The Stock Market: Its Function, Performance, and Potential as an Investment Opportunity 634 (10) The Economic Functions of the Stock Market 635 (1) Stock Market Performance: The Historical Record 636 (1) The Interest Rate, the Value of Future Income, and Stock Prices 637 (1) The Random Walk Theory of the Stock Market 638 (1) How the Ordinary Investor Can Beat the Experts 639 (3) Key Points 642 (1) Critical Analysis Questions 643 (1) The Federal Budget and the National Debt 644 (10) Deficits, Surpluses, and the National Debt 645 (1) Who Owns the National Debt? …”

Structured techniques : the basis for CASE / by Martin, James

Table of Contents: “…3 (12) Objectives 3 (5) Evolution 8 (3) Mathematical Rigor 11 (1) CASE: Computer-Aided Systems Engineering 12 (1) Important Characteristics 13 (1) Loyalty to Old Techniques 13 (2) 2 Philosophies of Structured Techniques 15 (22) Introduction 15 (1) Basic Principles 15 (5) Basic Principles of Software Engineering 20 (3) The Data-Base Environment 23 (1) Automation of Analysis, Design, and Coding 24 (2) Graphics 26 (1) Provably Correct Constructs 26 (1) Management of Complexity 27 (1) Changing Computer Languages 28 (1) End-User Involvement 28 (2) User-Friendly Structured Techniques 30 (1) The Design Process 30 (7) PART II PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGIES 37 (72) 3 Structured Programming 37 (8) The Shift to Software 37 (1) Introduction of Structured Programming 38 (1) GO TO-less Programming 38 (1) Objectives 39 (1) Definitions 39 (6) 4 Structured Programs 45 (22) Properties of a Structured Program 45 (1) Limited Control Constructs 45 (3) Nested IF 48 (1) Case Statement 49 (1) Escape 50 (1) Highest-Level Control Constructs 50 (1) Standardized Module Format 51 (1) Hierarchical Organization 51 (1) Program Control Structure 52 (1) Program Paths 53 (1) Documentation 54 (5) Indentation 59 (1) Structured Coding Standards 59 (8) 5 Modular Programming and Control of Complexity 67 (16) Divide and Conquer 67 (1) Program Modules 67 (1) Black Box Model 68 (1) Modularization Schemes 68 (2) Module Size 70 (1) Complexity Metrics 70 (5) Module Relationships 75 (5) Program Shape 80 (3) 6 Programming by Stepwise Refinement 83 (8) Changing Programming from Craft to Science 83 (1) Stepwise Refinement 83 (1) Levels of Abstraction 84 (1) An Example of the Refinement Process 85 (6) 7 Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Structured Programming 91 (12) Structured Programming Methodologies 91 (1) Top-Down Programming 91 (4) Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Programming 95 (1) Bottom-Up Programming 96 (2) Choosing a Development Approach 98 (1) Combinations 99 (4) 8 Commentary on Structured Programming Methodologies 103 (6) The Problem of Programming in the Large 103 (1) Program Complexity 103 (1) The Absence of Rigor 104 (1) Recommendation 105 (4) PART III DIAGRAMMING TECHNIQUES 109 (290) 9 Diagrams and Clear Thinking 109 (14) Introduction 109 (1) Changing Methods 110 (1) Categories of Structured Diagrams 111 (1) End-User Involvement 111 (6) Program Documentation Tools 117 (1) Utility of Documentation 118 (2) Computer-Aided Diagramming 120 (1) Functions of Structured Diagrams 120 (3) 10 Forms of Structured Diagrams 123 (26) Introduction 123 (1) Forms of Tree Structure 123 (2) Inhibition of Change 125 (1) Left-to-Right Trees 126 (5) Sequence of Operations 131 (1) Mesh-Structured Diagrams 131 (2) COW Charts 133 (1) Nested Charts 134 (4) Data-Model Charts 138 (3) Root Nodes 141 (1) Find the Trees 142 (3) Computer Magic 145 (1) Symbols with Obvious Meaning 145 (3) Summary 148 (1) 11 Data Flow Diagrams 149 (16) Introduction 149 (1) Defining Data Flow 149 (1) Components of a DFD 149 (3) Leveling a DFD 152 (2) Process Specification and Data Dictionary 154 (1) Gane and Sarson Notation 155 (3) Use of Computer Graphics 158 (5) Commentary 163 (1) Data Layering 164 (1) 12 Three Species of Functional Decomposition 165 (16) Introduction 165 (1) Levels of Thoroughness in Functional Decomposition 165 (1) Species I Functional Decomposition: Corporate Model 166 (4) Species II Functional Decomposition 170 (6) Species III Functional Decomposition 176 (1) Commentary 177 (4) 13 Structure Charts 181 (10) Hierarchical Diagram 181 (1) Components of a Structure Chart 181 (2) Control Relationships 183 (1) Common Modules 183 (1) Library Modules 184 (1) Data Transfer 184 (2) Sequence, Selection, and Iteration 186 (2) Transaction Center 188 (1) Computer Graphics 188 (3) 14 HIPO Diagrams 191 (6) Introduction 191 (1) Diagram Components 192 (2) Analysis and Design Tools 194 (1) Commentary 194 (3) 15 Warnier-Orr Diagrams 197 (10) Introduction 197 (1) Representation of Data 197 (2) Representation of Program Structure 199 (2) Critique of Warnier-Orr Diagrams 201 (6) 16 Michael Jackson Diagrams 207 (12) Introduction 207 (1) Tree-Structure Diagrams 207 (2) Data-Structure Diagrams 209 (2) Program-Structure Diagrams 211 (1) System Network Diagram 212 (1) From Data to Programs 213 (1) Critique of Jackson Diagrams 214 (5) 17 Flowcharts 219 (8) Overview Versus Detailed Structure 219 (1) Flowcharts 220 (2) Flowchart Symbols 222 (1) Critique of Flowcharts 222 (5) 18 Structured English and Pseudocode 227 (12) Introduction 227 (1) Why Should English Be Structured? …”