نتائج البحث - theory of (distributive OR distribution) justice

A theory of justice حسب Rawls, John

Constitutional government and democracy : theory and practice in Europe and America حسب Friedrich, Carl J.

جدول المحتويات: "…Electoral systems in theory and practice : The English system ; The proposals for proportional representation ; Bagehot's view: the functional approach ' John Stuart Mill's view: the individualist approach ; The problem of "justice" ; Gerrymandering (electoral geometry) ; The different functions of proportional systems; Practical application ; recent trends ; Assessment of past experience 3. …"

Law and development /

Bioethics : health care law and ethics /

جدول المحتويات: "…An introduction to the study of ethics and ethical theories -- Reproduction and birth -- Legal, social and ethical issues in human genetics -- Defining death -- Life and death decisions -- Regulation of research involving human subjects -- Distributive justice and the allocation of health care resources -- Public health.…"

The Routledge handbook of global ethics /

جدول المحتويات: "…Introduction / Darrel Moellendorf and Heather Widdows -- The trends and tendencies of global integration / Barrie Axford -- part 1. Normative theory. Ethical theory and global challenges / Ruth Chadwick and Alan O'Connor -- Theories, types and bounds of justice / Richard J. …"

Applied economics

جدول المحتويات: "…154 (9) The impact of multinationals on the UK economy 163 (9) Conclusion 172 (1) Key points 173 (1) References and further reading 174 (1) 8 Privatization and deregulation 175 (22) Synopsis 175 (1) Nature and importance 176 (1) Reasons for nationalization 176 (3) Privatization 179 (11) Regulation and deregulation 190 (3) Conclusion 193 (1) Key points 194 (1) Note 195 (1) References and further reading 195 (2) 9 Pricing in practice 197 (20) Synopsis 197 (1) Pricing in theory 198 (2) Pricing in practice 200 (12) Conclusion 212 (1) Key points 212 (1) Note 213 (1) References and further reading 213 (4) PART II: Environmental, regional and social economics 10 Economics of the environment 217 (30) Synopsis 217 (1) Role of the environment 218 (2) Sustainable growth 220 (2) Sustainable economic welfare 222 (2) Global environmental changes 224 (2) Cost-benefit analysis and the environment 226 (3) Market-based and non-market-based incentives 229 (4) Applications of environmental policies 233 (5) Transport and the environment 238 (4) Implementation of policy types 242 (1) Conclusion 243 (1) Key points 243 (1) References and further reading 244 (3) 11 Regional and urban policy 247 (30) Synopsis 247 (1) The regions and their characteristics 248 (1) The regional problem 248 (5) Regional policy in the UK 253 (1) The policy instruments 254 (4) The effectiveness of regional policy 258 (4) The urban problem 262 (3) Urban policy in the UK 265 (5) The effectiveness of urban policy 270 (2) The Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) 272 (2) Conclusion 274 (1) Key points 274 (1) References and further reading 275 (2) 12 Transport 277 (30) Synopsis 277 (1) Characteristics of transport 278 (2) The demand for transport 280 (3) Road transport congestion 283 (11) Government transport policy 294 (9) Conclusion 303 (1) Key points 304 (1) References and further reading 304 (3) 13 Social policy 307 (28) Synopsis 307 (1) The Welfare State 308 (3) Quasi-markets in welfare provision 311 (2) Health care 313 (11) Education and training 324 (4) Housing 328 (4) Conclusion 332 (1) Key points 333 (1) Note 333 (1) References and further reading 333 (2) 14 Distribution of income and wealth 335 (22) Synopsis 335 (1) Distribution and justice 336 (1) Issues in distribution 336 (1) Income distribution between people 337 (5) Income distribution between factors of production 342 (2) The earnings distribution 344 (5) Distribution of wealth 349 (2) Poverty 351 (3) Conclusion 354 (1) Key points 354 (1) References and further reading 355 (2) 15 Trade unions, wages and collective bargaining 357 (34) Synopsis 357 (1) Types of trade union 358 (3) Trade unions and change 361 (4) The employers 365 (3) The government 368 (5) The structure of collective bargaining 373 (3) Wage determination and collective bargaining 376 (6) The effects of collective bargaining 382 (2) Conclusion 384 (1) Key points 385 (1) Notes 386 (1) References and further reading 386 (5) PART III: Macroeconomics 16 Consumption and saving 391 (22) Synopsis 391 (1) Consumption 392 (1) The Keynesian consumption function 392 (5) Post-Keynesian theories of the consumption function 397 (6) The savings ratio 403 (6) Conclusion 409 (1) Key points 410 (1) Notes 410 (1) References and further reading 411 (2) 17 Investment 413 (18) Synopsis 413 (1) Nature of investment 414 (1) Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation 415 (10) The importance of investment 425 (3) Conclusion 428 (1) Key points 428 (1) References and further reading 429 (2) 18 Public expenditure 431 (20) Synopsis 431 (1) Trends in UK public spending 432 (1) Total managed expenditure (TME) 433 (1) Components of UK public spending 434 (3) The size of public expenditure 437 (1) Explanations of the growth in public expenditure 438 (2) International comparisons of public expenditure 440 (1) Should public expenditure be restricted? …"

Principles of alternative dispute resolution / حسب Ware, Stephen J.

جدول المحتويات: "…Preface Note to teachers Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introduction 1-1: Overview 1-2: Disputes 1-3: Resolution of disputes 1-4: Processes of dispute resolution 1-5: Definitions of litigation and ADR a: ADR as alternatives to litigation b: Litigation as the default process 1-6: Introductions to major ADR processes a: Negotiation b: Mediation and other processes in aid of negotiation c: Arbitration 1-7: Basic division within ADR: arbitration vs everything else a: All ADR processes can produce binding results 1: Negotiation 2: Mediation and other processes in aid of negotiation 3: Arbitration b: Arbitration is the only ADR process that can produce binding results without a post-dispute contract c: Arbitration or litigation casts the shadow in which negotiation and processes in aid of it occur d: Implications for categorizing and comparing processes 1-8: Broader perspectives on ADR a: ADR diversity b: Cool and warm themes; the cost and quality of dispute resolution c: Lawyers and ADR Chapter 2: Arbitration And Similar Processes A: Overview 2-1: Arbitration defined 2-2: Contractual arbitration and non-contractual arbitration; constitutional right to jury trial 2-3: Arbitration law summarized a: Post-dispute and pre-dispute agreements to arbitrate b: Enforcement of arbitration agreements c: Arbitration process d: Enforcement of arbitrator's decision or "award" B: Sources of contemporary American arbitration law 2-4: Federal law a: Pro-contract b: Court orders to arbitrate; specific performance of arbitration agreements c: Broad applicability 2-5: State law a: Arbitration law b: Non-arbitration law C: FAA preemption of state law 1: Evolution of case law on FAA preemption 2-6: Federal arbitration law as (non-preemptive) procedural law 2-7: Federal arbitration law as (preemptive) substantive law 2-8: FAA creates no federal jurisdiction 2: Preemption of state law impeding contract enforcement 2-9: Generally 2-10: State law prohibiting courts from enforcing arbitration agreements 2-11: State law prohibiting courts from enforcing arbitration agreements with the remedy of specific performance 2-12: State law making arbitration agreements unenforceable with respect to certain claims 2-13: State law making arbitration agreements in certain types of transactions unenforceable 2-14: State law raising the standard of assent for contract formation 3: Choice-of-law clauses 2-15: Introduction 2-16: Volt case 2-17: Mastrobuono case 4: Insurance arbitration 2-18: McCarran-Ferguson and the FAA D: Formation of enforceable arbitration agreements 1: Separability 2-19: Prima paint case 2-20: Buckeye case 2-21: Applications of separability 2: Formation 2-22: Mutual manifestations of assent a: Contract law's objective approach b: Recurring fact patterns 2-23: Consideration 3: Contract law defenses to enforcement 2-24: Defenses subject to separability doctrine 2-25: Unconscionability a: Generally b: FAA's constraint on the scope of the unconscionability doctrine c: Arbitration organizations' policing against unconscionability d: Public policy and child custody 2-26: Waiver of the right to arbitrate 4: Non-contract law defenses to enforcement: federal statutory claims and public policy 2-27: Toward universal arbitrability 2-28: Current in arbitrability a: Simple in arbitrability 1: Labor arbitration 2: Automobile dealers and military personnel b: Arbitrability with strings attached: the effectively vindicate doctrine E: Interpretation of arbitration agreements 1: Contractual arbitrability 2-29: Introduction 2-30: Generally decided by courts 2-31: Contractual and non-contractual approaches 2: Multi-party disputes 2-32: Claims by or against those not party to the arbitration agreement a: Party plaintiff vs non-party defendant b: Non-party plaintiff vs party defendant 2-33: Consolidation of, and stays pending, related proceedings 2-34: Class actions 3: Arbitration procedure 2-35: Overview 2-36: Pre-hearing a: Selection of arbitrator(s) 1: Methods of selection 2: Arbitrator fees 3: Judicial and regulatory constraints on party selection of arbitrator(s) b: Pleadings c: Filing fees (and un-administered arbitration) d: Discovery 2-37: Hearing a: General comparison with trial b: Role of lawyers c: Rules of evidence d: No hearing; dispositive motions e: Written awards; reasoned opinions 2-38: Remedies a: Determined by contract, within limitations 1: Generally determined by contract; the Mastrobuono case 2: Limitations on contract; the book case b: Typical contract terms c: Consequences of limiting remedies in arbitration 4: Governing substantive law, if any 2-39: Substantive law applied in arbitration F: Effect of arbitration award 1: Enforcement of arbitration award 2-40: Confirmation 2-41: Claim preclusion (res judicata) a: Generally applicable b: Labor exception 2-42: Issue preclusion (collateral estoppel) 2: Vacatur of arbitration award 2-43: Introduction a: Vacatur is rare b: Statutory and non-statutory grounds 2-44: Statutory grounds a: Corruption, fraud or undue means b: Evident partiality or corruption c: Fundamentally fair hearing d: Exceeded powers 2-45: Non-statutory grounds a: Error of law, including manifest disregard 1: Narrow ground for Vacatur 2: Recent expansion b: Public policy c: Grounds created by contract 2-46: Federal preemption of state law a: State grounds for Vacatur broader than federal b: State grounds for Vacatur narrower than federal G: International arbitration 2-47: Introduction: public law arbitration and commercial arbitration 2-48: New York convention a: Basic provisions b: Effect of United States ratification c: Significance 2-49: Practice of international commercial arbitration H: Employment arbitration and labor arbitration 2-50: Conventional distinction between "employment" and "labor" 2-51: FAA's exclusion of certain "contracts of employment" 2-52: Employment arbitration 2-53: Labor arbitration a: LMRA rather than FAA b: Practice of labor arbitration 1: Two peculiarities 2: Labor law and CBAs c: Few arbitrable claims 1: Law 2: Union, not employee, controls arbitration 3: Narrowly drafted arbitration clauses d: Interest arbitration I: Processes similar to arbitration 2-54: Private judging ("rent-a-judge") 2-55: Non-contractual, yet binding, arbitration a: Introduction b: Examples 1: Federal programs 2: Government employees-federal 3: Government employees-state and local 4: Railway Labor Act 5: State "lemon" laws 6: State auto insurance laws 7: Attorney fee disputes. 3: Negotiation A: Negotiation contexts 3-1: Dispute negotiation and transactional negotiation 3-2: Dispute negotiation and lawyers; settlement negotiation defined 3-3: Settlement negotiation and the shadow of the law 3-4: Bilateral monopoly of settlement negotiation B: Settlement/litigation choice 3-5: Valuing a case a: Introduction to case valuation b: Factors lawyers and clients should consider in valuing a case c: Timing of the settlement/litigation choice d: Risk aversion and diversification 1: Risk aversion 2: Diversification e: Expected value, BATNA and the bottom line f: Psychological barriers to valuing a case accurately 1: Availability bias 2: Anchoring bias 3: Egocentric biases 4: Overconfidence bias g: Valuation of criminal cases 3-6: Disagreements between lawyer and client about the settlement/litigation choice a: Generally b: Legal fees 1: Hourly billing 2: Contingency fees 3: Retainers and other fixed-fees (especially in criminal practice) 4: Legal fees paid through liability insurance c: Professional responsibility C: Negotiation theory 3-7: Zero-sum and positive-sum 3-8: Zero-sum (distributive) negotiation 3-9: Positive-sum (integrative) negotiation a: Example on the time value of money b: Importance of multiple issues 3-10: Positive-sum (integrative) negotiation is not always worthwhile, or even possible 3-11: Bottom lines and settlement zones a: Case valuations determine bottom lines which determine settlement zones b: Predictions about the results of litigation 1: Predictions that usually (but not always) result in a settlement zone 2: Predictions less likely to result in a settlement zone: cases of over-optimism c: Conclusion 3-12: Settlement zone does not ensure settlement (barriers to settlement) a: Ignorance of settlement zone's existence or boundaries b: Dividing the value created by settlement 3-13: Bottom lines and settlement zones in positive-sum (integrative) negotiation D: Approaches to negotiation 3-14: Terminology 1: Adversarial/competitive approach 3-15: Opening offers 3-16: Few and small concessions 3-17: False concessions 3-18: Concession tricks and escalation tactics 3-19: Deception and information 3-20: Misinformation about bottom lines and the strength of your case a: Generally b: Lying about one's bottom line c: Projecting confidence in one's case and lack of interest in settling d: Effect of misinformation about bottom lines 3-21: Psychological warfare a: Anger, threats, ridicule, accusation and intimidation b: Negotiate on your own turf c: Outnumber your counterparts d: Negotiate when you have time and your counterpart does not e: Lack of authority f: Locked into position g: Feign irrationality h: Wolf in sheep's clothing 3-22: Drawbacks of the adversarial/competitive approach 2: Cooperative approach and the prisoner's dilemma 3-23: Cooperative approach 3-24: Prisoner's dilemma and the importance of reputation a: Prisoner's dilemma b: Importance of reputation and the incentive to cooperate 3-25: Tactics for a cooperative lawyer with an adversarial/competitive counterpart 3: Problem-solving approach 3-26: Overview of problem-solving a: Positive-sum b: Coinciding interests (with a tax law example) c: Logrolling multiple issues d: Tactics listed 3-27: Interests, not positions 3-28: Communicating your side's interests 3-29: Variety of solutions 3-30: Drawbacks of the problem-solving approach 4: Gender, culture, race and ethnicity 3-31: Gender 3-32: Culture, race and ethnicity E: Preparing for negotiation 3-33: Introduction 3-34: Identifying your client's interests, bottom line and specific goals 3-35: Identifying other party's interests, bottom line and specific goals 3-36: Adjusting during negotiation a: Adjusting approaches during negotiation b: Adjusting your bottom line during negotiation 3-37: Specific preparations F: Law governing settlement 3-38: Criminal and tort law; "good faith" in negotiation 3-39: Sales law a: Legal effects of releases and settlement agreements 1: Releases 2: Settlement agreements b: Grounds for non-enforcement 1: Duress and unconscionability 2: Misrepresentation and mistake 3: Requirement of a writing 4: Public policy c: Entering judgment on settlement (consent decree) d: Plea agreements 3-40: Agency law 3-41: Multiple parties: indemnity, contribution and Mary Carter agreements 3-42: Confidentiality a: Generally b: Confidentiality agreements prior to or during litigation c: Rules of evidence and discovery d: Confidentiality clauses in settlement agreements G: Settlement/litigation choice: broader perspectives 3-43: Normative views on the prevalence of settlement 3-44: Resources 3-45: Dispute resolution vs public justice. 4: Mediation And Other Processes In Aid Of Negotiation A: Overview 4-1: Mediation's popularity 4-2: Mediation defined 4-3: Dispute mediation and transactional mediation 4-4: Mandatory mediation and voluntary mediation B: Goals of dispute mediation 4-5: Generally 4-6: Settle cases 4-7: Positive-sum or problem-solving 4-8: Moral growth C: Mediation process 4-9: Goals shape process 4-10: Mediation process generally a: Participants b: Starting to mediate c: Joint sessions, private caucuses and shuttle diplomacy d: Facilitating communication 1: Direct communication 2: Indirect communication e: Settlement offers f: Agreements 4-11: Identifying settlement zones and overcoming barriers to settlement 4-12: Positive-sum a: In general b: Coinciding interests c: Logrolling multiple issues d: Trusted intermediary combining information 4-13: Evaluation by the mediator a: Appeal of evaluation b: Concerns about evaluation 1: Interests vs rights 2: Is "evaluative mediation" an oxymoron? …"