Preface xv Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations 1 (20) Race and Ethnicity 2 (1) Ethnic Groups 3 (1) Minority Groups 4 (1) Ethnic Discrimination 4 (6) Types of Discrimination 5 (3) The Institutionalization of Discrimination 8 (2) Ethnic Stratification 10 (2) Ethnic Prejudice 12 (1) Adaptations to Prejudice and Discrimination 13 (4) Passive Acceptance 14 (1) Marginal Participation 14 (1) Assimilation 14 (1) Withdrawal and Self-Segregation 15 (1) Revolt and Rebellion 15 (1) Organized Protest 15 (2) Summary 17 (2) Points of Debate 19 (2) Explaining Ethnic Relations 21 (22) Theories of Ethnic Relations 21 (9) Assimilation Theories 21 (2) Pluralism Theories 23 (1) Biological Theories 24 (1) Human Ecology Theories 25 (1) Power and Stratification Theories 26 (4) A Unified Theory of Ethnic Relations 30 (10) Summary 40 (1) Points of Debate 41 (2) The Anglo-Saxon Core and Ethnic Antagonism 43 (13) Early Colonization of America 43 (2) The Anglo-Saxons 43 (1) The Early Colonists 44 (1) The Cultural and Institutional Legacy of Early Colonization 45 (3) The Core Culture 45 (1) The Core Institutional Structures 46 (2) Anglo-Saxon Hegemony and the Dynamics of Ethnicity 48 (5) The Domination of the Anglo-Saxon Core 48 (1) The Anglo-Saxon Core and the Dynamics of Discrimination 49 (4) Summary 53 (1) Points of Debate 54 (2) African Americans 56 (48) Resource Shares of African Americans 57 (6) The Impoverishment of African Americans 57 (1) The Income of African Americans 57 (2) The Occupation Distribution of African Americans 59 (1) Educational Attainment of African Americans 60 (1) Housing of African Americans 61 (1) Life Span of African Americans 62 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against African Americans 63 (28) Identifiability of African Americans 63 (1) Negative Beliefs about African Americans 64 (2) Institutionalized Discrimination against African Americans 66 (25) Stratification of African Americans 91 (3) Affluent and Poor African Americans: The Widening Gap 91 (1) The African American Underclass: Myth or Reality? 91 (2) Threats and Hostility toward African Americans 93 (1) Responding to Discrimination 94 (7) Protest during Slavery 94 (1) Protest after Slavery 94 (4) The Last Fifty Years 98 (3) Summary 101 (1) Points of Debate 102 (2) Native Americans 104 (30) On the Verge of Extinction 104 (3) Resource Shares of Native Americans 107 (7) Income of Native Americans 108 (1) Occupational Distribution of Native Americans 108 (1) Educational Attainment of Native Americans 109 (1) Life Span of Native Americans 109 (3) Housing of Native Americans 112 (1) Poverty of Native Americans 113 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Native Americans 114 (14) Identifiability of Native Americans 114 (2) Negative Beliefs about Native Americans 116 (1) Institutionalized Discrimination against Native Americans 117 (11) Stratification of Native Americans 128 (1) Responding to Discrimination 129 (3) War as a Nonviable Response 129 (1) Retreatism as Another Nonviable Response 130 (1) Pan-Indianism 130 (1) The Economic Battle 131 (1) Summary 132 (1) Points of Debate 133 (1) Latinos 134 (35) Resource Shares of Latinos 135 (6) Poverty Levels of Latinos 135 (1) Income of Latinos 135 (2) Occupational Distribution of Latinos 137 (1) Educational Attainment of Latinos 137 (3) Life Span of Latinos 140 (1) Housing of Latinos 141 (1) Mexican Americans 141 (14) Identifiability of Chicanos 141 (3) The History of Mexican Americans: Conquest, Displacement, and Exploitation 144 (2) Negative Beliefs about Chicanos 146 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Mexican Americans 147 (8) Stratification of the Mexican-Origin Population 155 (1) Puerto Ricans 155 (5) Identifiability of Puerto Ricans 156 (1) Negative Beliefs about Puerto Ricans 157 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Puerto Ricans 157 (3) Stratification of Puerto Ricans 160 (1) Cuban Americans 160 (5) Negative Beliefs about Cuban Americans 161 (2) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Cuban Americans 163 (2) Stratification of Cuban Americans 165 (1) Summary 165 (2) Points of Debate 167 (2) Asian Americans 169 (33) Resource Shares of Asian Americans 170 (7) Impoverishment of Asian Americans 170 (1) Income of Asian Americans 170 (1) Occupational Distribution of Asian Americans 171 (2) Educational Attainment of Asian Americans 173 (1) Housing of Asian Americans 174 (3) Life Span of Asian Americans 177 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Asian Americans 177 (16) Identifiability of Asian Americans 178 (1) Negative Beliefs about Asian Americans 178 (2) Institutionalized Discrimination against Asian Americans 180 (13) Stratification of Asian Americans 193 (1) Responding to Discrimination 194 (4) The Precarious Situation for Asian Americans 198 (1) Summary 199 (1) Points of Debate 200 (2) White Ethnic Americans 202 (24) Resource Shares of White Ethnic Groups 202 (5) Irish Americans 207 (4) Identifiability of Irish Americans 207 (1) Negative Beliefs about Irish Americans 208 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Irish Americans 208 (3) The Stratification of Irish Americans 211 (1) Italian Americans 211 (5) Identifiability of Italian Americans 212 (1) Negative Beliefs about Italian Americans 213 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Italian Americans 213 (2) Stratification of Italian Americans 215 (1) Jewish Americans 216 (6) Identifiability of Jewish Americans 217 (1) Negative Beliefs about Jewish Americans 218 (1) The Dynamics of Discrimination against Jewish Americans 219 (2) The Stratification of Jewish Americans 221 (1) Summary 222 (2) Points of Debate 224 (2) The Future of Ethnicity in America 226 (23) The New Immigrants 227 (10) Countries of Origin 227 (2) Consequences of the New Immigration Patterns 229 (1) Reasons for the Shift in Immigration Patterns 230 (3) Settlement Patterns of the New Immigrants 233 (2) Other Characteristics of the New Immigrants 235 (2) The Immigration Dilemma 237 (3) The Future Dynamic of Discrimination 240 (4) Lantionos and the American Future 240 (1) Asian Americans in the Future 241 (1) African Americans in the Future 241 (3) Conclusion: The Problematic Nature of a Multicultural America 244 (4) Points of Debate 248 (1) American Ethnic Tensions in Global Perspective 249 (43) Forces Increasing World Ethnic Conflict 249 (1) Contextual Factors in Ethnic Conflict 250 (3) Canada 253 (3) Brazil 256 (4) Northern Ireland 260 (7) Western Europe 267 (2) The Collapse of the Soviet Empire 269 (1) The Balkans 270 (5) Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia 270 (2) Kosovo 272 (3) The Middle East 275 (6) Central Africa 281 (6) Rwanda 283 (2) Burundi 285 (2) South Africa 287 (3) Conclusion 290 (2) References 292 (26) Photo Credits 318 (1) Index 319