TY - BOOK AU - Vries,Sybe Alexander de TI - Tensions within the internal market: the functioning of the internal market and the development of horizontal and flanking policies SN - 9076871531 U1 - 658.8 DEV PY - 2006/// CY - Groningen PB - Europa Law Publishing KW - Law KW - European Union countries KW - Trade regulation KW - Freedom of movement KW - Restraint of trade N1 - Includes bibliographical references (p. 410-424) and index; Acknowledgements Introduction The origin of this study: tensions within the internal market 3 (3) The purpose, central question and background of this study 6 (1) Horizontal and flanking policies and the internal market: defining and delimiting the topic 7 (8) Horizontal and flanking policies 8 (4) The internal market 12 (3) The relevant general principles of Community law 15 (9) The principle of proportionality 15 (2) The principle of Community loyalty 17 (1) The integration principle 18 (6) The plan 24 (3) The Application of the Free Movement Rules Introduction 27 (1) The material, personal and territorial scope of the free movement rules 27 (10) The material scope 28 (1) In general 28 (2) Horizontal and flanking activities 30 (3) The personal scope 33 (3) The territorial scope 36 (1) Conclusions 37 (1) The application of the free movement rules: the prohibitions 37 (12) The prohibition: towards market access 38 (1) Indistinctly applicable measures 38 (1) Towards a market access based test 39 (2) Selling arrangements 41 (3) Inherent restrictions 44 (2) Article 29 EC and the exportation of goods 46 (1) Tariff barriers 47 (1) Article 25 EC 47 (1) Article 90 EC 47 (1) Conclusions 48 (1) The application of the free movement rules: the exceptions 49 (50) The scope of the Treaty exceptions 49 (1) Overriding requirements of public interest 50 (1) Conditions for invoking the exceptions 51 (1) No harmonisation measure 52 (1) Non-economic interests 52 (3) Proportionality 55 (2) The protection of horizontal and flanking policy interests 57 (1) The protection of the environment 57 (1) The protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants: Article 30 EC 58 (1) The protection of the environment as overriding requirement of public interest 59 (1) The condition that environmental measures should apply without distinction 59 (3) The proportionality test: the assessment of environmental measures 62 (4) The protection of consumers 66 (1) The protection of health and safety of consumers 66 (1) The protection of consumers as overriding requirement of public interest 66 (2) The condition that consumer protection measures should apply without distinction 68 (2) The proportionality test: the assessment of consumer protection measures 70 (7) The protection of public health 77 (1) The protection of public health as Treaty exception 77 (1) The safeguarding of the financial stability of a health care system as overriding requirement of public interest 78 (1) (No) condition that health measures should apply without distinction 79 (2) The proportionality test: the assessment of public health measures 81 (4) The protection of culture 85 (1) The protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value: Article 30 EC 85 (3) Culture and public policy: Article 46 EC 88 (1) Culture as overriding requirement of public interest 89 (1) (No) condition that cultural measures should apply without distinction 89 (4) The proportionality test: the assessment of cultural measures 93 (3) Conclusions 96 (3) The Application of the Competition Rules Introduction: the growing relevance of competition law 99 (2) In general: the material, personal and territorial scope of the competition rules 101 (14) The material scope 101 (3) The personal scope 104 (1) The concept of undertaking in general 104 (3) Horizontal and flanking activities 107 (6) The territorial scope 113 (2) Conclusions 115 (1) The application of the competition rules and the Member States 115 (66) Article 87 EC: the prohibition on state aids 115 (1) The grant of aid for horizontal and flanking policy reasons 116 (1) The scope of Article 87(1) EC: the concept of aid in relation to `normal undertakings' 117 (7) The scope of Article 87(1) EC: the concept of aid in relation to `public service undertakings' 124 (9) The distortion of competition and trade 133 (4) The exceptions: state aids that can be justified for horizontal and flanking policy reasons 137 (1) The scope of Articles 87(2) and 87(3) EC 137 (3) The environment 140 (4) Consumer protection 144 (1) Public health 145 (4) Culture 149 (4) Conclusions 153 (1) Article 86 EC: public undertakings and exclusive rights 153 (1) The scope of Article 86(1) EC: the concept of exclusive rights in relation to horizontal and flanking activities 154 (1) Exclusive rights and the competition rules: different approaches in the case law 155 (4) Article 86(2) EC: the justification for public service undertakings 159 (1) The scope of Article 86(2) EC in general 159 (6) The environment 165 (2) Consumer protection 167 (1) Public health 168 (1) Culture 169 (2) Conclusions 171 (1) Articles 3(1) sub g, 10 and 81 & 82 EC 172 (1) The useful effect doctrine 172 (5) Exceptions 177 (2) The relevance of the useful effect doctrine for national competition authorities 179 (2) Conclusions 181 (1) The application of the competition rules and undertakings 181 (66) Article 81 EC: the cartel prohibition 182 (1) Introduction 182 (1) Article 81(1) EC: the restriction of competition 183 (1) The object or effect to restrict competition 183 (3) Appreciability or De minimis 186 (3) The rule of reason 189 (2) Inherent restrictions 191 (7) Exemptions: restrictive practices that can be justified for horizontal and flanking policy reasons 198 (1) The scope of Article 81(3) EC 198 (5) The environment 203 (5) Consumer protection 208 (2) Public health 210 (4) Culture 214 (5) Conclusions 219 (2) Article 82: the prohibition on abuse of a dominant position 221 (1) The scope of Article 82 EC: abusive behaviour and horizontal and flanking policy considerations 221 (1) The abuse of a dominant position 222 (1) Dominance 223 (2) Abuse 225 (5) The objective justification 230 (1) Conclusions 231 (1) Merger Regulation 139/2004 232 (1) The scope of the Merger Regulation in relation to horizontal and flanking policies 232 (1) The appraisal of concentrations 233 (1) Dominance 234 (1) A significant impediment of competition 235 (5) Exceptions: legitimate public interests in Article 21(4) of the Merger Regulation 240 (2) Conclusions 242 (5) Harmonisation of Horizontal and Flanking Policies Introduction 247 (2) No `real' harmonisation of national legislation 249 (4) Harmonisation techniques 253 (7) Total harmonisation 253 (1) Minimum harmonisation 254 (5) The `New Approach' 259 (1) Harmonisation within the framework of the internal market 260 (37) Introduction 260 (1) Legal bases for harmonisation within the context of the Internal Market 261 (1) Article 95 EC 262 (1) Articles 47(2), 55 and 57 EC 262 (3) Article 308 EC 265 (2) Snus, Cigarettes and commercials: the potential and limits of harmonisation on the basis of internal market provisions 267 (7) Harmonisation of national horizontal and flanking policies on the basis of internal market legal bases 274 (1) Environmental policy and the internal market 274 (4) Consumer policy and the internal market 278 (6) Public health and the internal market 284 (1) Public health stricto sensu 285 (3) Health care 288 (2) Cultural policy and the internal market 290 (6) Conclusions 296 (1) Harmonisation beyond the internal market: specific legal bases 297 (14) Environmental policy as horizontal and flanking policy 298 (1) The legal basis for environmental policy 298 (1) An example of a harmonisation measure: the Transfer of Waste Regulation 299 (2) Consumer policy as horizontal and flanking policy 301 (1) The legal basis for consumer policy 301 (2) Measures adopted on the basis of Article 153 EC 303 (2) Public health policy as horizontal and flanking policy 305 (1) The legal basis for public health policy 305 (1) Measures adopted on the basis of Article 152 EC 306 (2) Cultural policy 308 (1) The legal basis for cultural policy 308 (1) Measures adopted on the basis of Article 151 EC 309 (2) Conclusions 311 (1) Harmonisation and free movement 311 (8) Towards a Synthesis Introduction 319 (1) Free movement 319 (6) Negative integration 320 (1) Prohibitive rules 320 (1) Exceptions 321 (1) Positive integration 322 (1) Harmonisation contributes to solving the problem of tension 322 (1) Minimum harmonisation 323 (1) Total harmonisation 324 (1) A wide margin of discretion of the community legislature to pursue horizontal and flanking policy interests 324 (1) Competition and the Member States 325 (3) Articles 86 and 87 EC 325 (1) The prohibitive rules 325 (1) Exceptions 326 (1) Community measures: no positive integration 327 (1) Competition and undertakings 328 (3) Articles 81, 82 EC and Merger Control 328 (1) The prohibitive rules 328 (1) Exceptions 329 (2) Community measures: no positive integration 331 (1) Coherence or convergence? 331 (4) The four freedoms 332 (1) The four freedoms and the competition rules 333 (1) Horizontal and flanking policies 334 (1) The tension between horizontal and flanking policies and the internal market 335 (8) The perspective of the Member State 336 (2) The perspective of the Community 338 (5) Closer Harmony Introduction 343 (1) The example of books 344 (5) Supporting books as cultural product at national level 344 (3) Supporting books as cultural product at Community level 347 (1) What does this example tell us? 348 (1) Closer harmony: the perspective of the Member State 349 (20) The national legislature 350 (1) Realising the importance of the proportionality principle 350 (1) Introduction 350 (1) The horizontal and flanking policy interest at stake 351 (2) Choosing the least restrictive alternative 353 (2) Respecting the Community loyalty principle 355 (1) The exchange of information at national level 355 (3) The exchange of information at European level 358 (1) The national competition authorities 359 (1) Respecting the Community loyalty principle 360 (1) The exchange of information at national level 360 (1) The exchange of information at European level: `ECN' 361 (2) Applying the principle of proportionality 363 (1) The national courts 364 (1) Respecting the Community loyalty principle 364 (1) The exchange of information at national level 365 (1) The exchange of information at European level 365 (2) Applying the principle of proportionality 367 (2) Closer harmony: the perspective of the Community 369 (22) The European Court of Justice: actively contributing to the process of convergence 370 (1) The artificial and undesirable dichotomy between the Treaty exceptions and the rule of reason should be removed 370 (2) Taking account of the (inherently substantive) differences between horizontal and flanking policies 372 (2) The European Commission; giving effect to the integration principle: taking integration seriously 374 (1) In general 375 (1) The Commission's state aid policy -- Article 87(3) EC 375 (3) The Commission's policy in respect of services of general (economic) interests -- Articles 86(2) and 16 EC 378 (1) Introduction 379 (1) The horizontal approach to Article 86(2) EC: a proposal for a Framework Directive for services of general (economic) interest including horizontal and flanking policy interests 379 (3) The vertical approach to Article 86(2) EC: guidelines for each horizontal and flanking policy field 382 (1) The Commission's policy in respect of cartels -- extending the guidelines on the application of Article 81(3) EC 383 (3) The Community legislature: harmonisation of horizontal and flanking policies 386 (1) In general 386 (1) The broad use of Article 95 EC to pursue horizontal and flanking policies 386 (1) A strong duty to motivate legislation 387 (1) Taking the principle of proportionality into account 388 (1) Total versus minimum harmonisation: pre-empting Member States to adopt additional, more stringent standards? 389 (2) Closer harmony: a proposal for re-organising the EC Treaty 391 (15) Introduction 391 (2) Re-organising and redefining the Treaty in respect of horizontal and flanking policies 393 (1) The general objectives of the EC Treaty 394 (2) A new Treaty exception for restrictions on free movement 396 (2) References to horizontal and flanking policies in the field of competition policy 398 (4) Harmonisation within the framework of the internal market: a revision of Articles 95(5) and 47(2) EC 402 (1) The specific part: a partial lifting of the prohibition of harmonisation in the fields of public health and culture 403 (3) Epilogue: no unequivocal solution to the tense problem of tension 406 (4) Bibliography 410 (16) Table of Cases 426 (8) Abbreviations 434 (4) Index 438 (14) Samenvatting 452 ER -