Principles of European environmental law : proceedings of the Avosetta Group of European Environmental Lawyers /
Proceedings of the Avosetta Group of European Environmental Lawyers
edited by Richard Macrory ; with Ian Havercroft and Ray Purdy.
- Groningen : Europa Law Pub., c2004.
- xii, 256 p. ; 25 cm.
- The Avosetta series, 4 .
Includes bibliographical references and index.
CHAPTER 1 Principles into Practice 3 (8) Richard Macrory CHAPTER 2 The Legal Nature of Environmental Principles in International, EC and German Law Gerd Winter I Overview of environmental propositions called principles 11 (2) II The legal nature of environmental principles 13 (14) 1. Principles and policies 13 (2) 2. Principles and rules 15 (2) 3. Principles and the hierarchy of norms 17 (5) a) General remark 17 (2) b) German law 19 (1) c) EC law 19 (2) d) International law 21 (1) 4 Judicial review of principles 22 (9) a) The context of providing powers 23 (2) b) The context of commanding action 25 (2) III Conclusion 27 (4) CHAPTER 3 The Genesis of EC Environmental Principles Ludwig Kr��mer 1 The birth 31 (2) 1.1 The origins 31 (1) 1.2 Principles in action programmes 32 (1) 2 The integration principle 33 (5) 2.1 Origins 33 (1) 2.2 Treaty amendments 34 (1) 2.3 Procedures inside the Commission 35 (1) 2.4 Sectoral initiatives 36 (1) 2.5 Cardiff process; impact assessments 37 (1) 3 The principle of preventive action 38 (1) 4 The precautionary principle 38 (3) 4.1 Birth of the principle 38 (1) 4.2 Precaution and prevention 39 (1) 4.3 Content 39 (2) 5 The rectification of environmental damage at source 41 (2) 5.1 Origins 41 (1) 5.2 Application 42 (1) 6 The polluter pays principle 43 (4) 6.1 Origins 43 (1) 6.2 State aids 44 (1) 6.3 EC law 45 (1) 6.4 Environmental liability 46 (1) 7 Concluding remarks 47 (4) CHAPTER 4 The Precautionary Principle before the European Courts Joanne Scott I The status of the precautionary principle according to the case law of the European courts 51 (5) II The implications of the precautionary principle 56 (11) III The WTO and the elaboration of the precautionary principle 67 (8) CHAPTER 5 European Environmental Law Principles in Belgian Jurisprudence Luc Lavrysen 1 Introduction 75 (1) 2 The polluter pays principle 76 (5) 2.1 The Court of Arbitration 76 (1) 2.2 The Flemish Wastewater Tax case 77 (2) 2.3 The Walloon Waste Tax case 79 (1) 2.4 The Flemish Cooling Water Tax case 80 (1) 3 The precautionary principle 81 (5) 3.1 The Aubange-messancy Transmission Line case 82 (1) 3.2 The Wilrijk Waste Incinerator case 83 (2) 3.3 The Sint-Niklaas Waste Incinerator case 85 (1) 4 The prevention at source principle 86 (1) 5 The constitutional rights on the protection of a healthy environment and of privacy - The stand still principle 87 (4) 5.1 The constitutional rights 87 (1) 5.2 The Zolder Race Circuit case 88 (1) 5.3 The Bierset Airport case 88 (2) 5.4 The Brussels National Airport Night Flights case 90 (1) 6 Conclusion 91 (4) CHAPTER 6 Implementation and Application of Environmental Principles in Danish Law Peter Pagh 95 (6) CHAPTER 7 Principles into Practice - The German Case Bernhard W. Wegener Introduction 101 (2) I The precautionary principle 103 (7) A. Precaution in the field of air quality protection and emission control 104 (4) 1 Precaution under the 'Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz' 105 (1) 2 The precautionary principle and the question of standing 105 (2) 3 Precaution and the justification of environmental protection 107 (1) B. Precaution as a constitutional obligation 108 (2) II The polluter pays principle 110 (1) III The cooperation principle 111 (4) CHAPTER 8 The Environmental Principles of the EC Treaty as a Legal Basis for judicial Decisions in the Italian Case Law Stefano Grassi 1 Introductory remarks 115 (8) 2.1 The need for precautionary protection in the case law of the Constitutional Court 116 (2) 2.2 The enforcement of the precautionary principle in civil case law 118 (2) 2.3 The precautionary approach in administrative case law 120 (1) 2.4 The precautionary principle in criminal case law 121 (1) 2.5 The principle that preventive action should be taken in Italian case law 122 (1) 3 The principle that the polluter should pay in Italian case law 123 (1) 4 The integration principle and the division of powers in a federal state 123 (1) 5 The direct effects of EC environmental principles in Italian case law 124 (9) Further Observations on the Application of EC Environmental Principles before Italian National Courts Massimiliano Montini 127 (6) CHAPTER 9 European Environmental Principles in Dutch Case Law Liselotte Smorenburg-van Middelkoop 1 Introduction 133 (4) 1.1 Legal principles and Dutch courts 133 (1) 1.2 The provenance of European environmental principles in the Netherlands 134 (3) 1.2.1 The polluter pays principle (het beginsel de vervuiler betaalt) 134 (1) 1.2.2 The precautionary principle (het voorzorgsbeginsel) 135 (1) 1.2.3 The rectification at source principle (het bronbeginsel) 136 (1) 1.2.4 The integration principle (het integratiebeginsel) 136 (1) 1.2.5 Codification of the principles 137 (1) 2 The European environmental principles in Dutch case law 137 (17) 2.1 The polluter pays principle 137 (3) 2.1.1 Is the polluter pays principle a general principle of law? 138 (1) 2.1.2 In the context of which issues is the polluter pays principle referred to? 138 (1) 2.1.3 Case law regarding the polluter pays principle in the context of Article 174(2) EC 139 (1) 2.1.4 Is the polluter pays principle applied ex officio? 140 (1) 2.2 The precautionary principle 140 (10) 2.2.1 A test against the precautionary principle: In the context of legislation, policy or autonomously? 142 (1) 2.2.2 The precautionary principle and Article 3:2 Awb (the general duty of care) or 3:46 Awb (the justification principle) 143 (1) 2.2.3 Administrative case law regarding the precautionary principle and the Wadden Sea 144 (3) 2.2.4 Case law regarding the precautionary principle in the context of Article 174(2) EC 147 (1) 2.2.5 Case law regarding the precautionary principle in the context of Articles 28-30 EC 147 (1) 2.2.6 Civil courts and the precautionary principle 148 (1) 2.2.7 The precautionary principle applied ex officio? 149 (1) 2.3 Rectification at source (het bronbeginsel) 150 (3) 2.3.1 Case law regarding the rectification at source principle in the context of Article 174(2) EC 151 (1) 2.3.2 Case law on the proximity and self-sufficiency principle within the scope of Regulation 259/93 152 (1) 2.3.3 The rectification at source principle applied ex officio? 153 (1) 2.4 The integration principle 153 (1) 2.4.1 Article 21 of the Constitution, does it contain the integration principle? 154 (1) 3 Similar principles that have emerged in the Netherlands 154 (3) 3.1 The 'alara' ("as low as reasonably achievable") principle 154 (1) 3.2 The stand still principle 155 (1) 3.3 The substitution principle 156 (1) 4 Conclusions 157 (4) CHAPTER 10 The Application and Interpretation of the Core Environmental Principles by the Portuguese Courts Alexandra Arag��o 1 Introduction 161 (1) 2 Legal context 161 (3) 3 The Portuguese cases 164 (11) 3.1 Illegal activities and the prevention principle: Comital Mining case and Azem��is Dairy case 165 (2) 3.2 Locally unwanted land uses and the prevention principle: Estarreja Incinerator case and Maia Petrol Pump case 167 (1) 3.3 The polluter pays principle: Minderica Dyers and Coruche Stork Nests case 168 (1) 3.4 The polluter-pays and prevention principles: first P��voa de Lanhoso landfill case 169 (1) 3.5 The principles of precaution and prevention: Second P��voa de Lanhoso Landfill case 170 (2) 3.6 The principles of prevention and polluter-pays: Cerveira Scrap-ground case 172 (1) 3.7 The principles of prevention and integration: Nisa Swallow Nests case and New Bridge case 173 (2) 4 Final remarks on the national application of the principles 175 (1) 4.1 The precaution principle 175 (1) 4.2 The polluter pays principle 176 (1) 4.3 The integration principle 176 (1) 5 Conclusion 176 (5) CHAPTER 11 The Application of the Core K Environmental Principles by Spanish Courts Angel-Manuel Moreno 1 Methodological remarks 181 (1) 2 EC environmental principles applied in jurisdictional 'environmental' adjudication. 182 (9) 2.1 The polluters pays principle (el que contamina, paga) 183 (5) 2.2 The principle of prevention/precaution (principio de cautela y acci��n preventiva) 188 (3) 2.3 Rectification at source, producer or extended responsibility, regional variations, scientific base, and the integration principle. 191 (1) 3 Environmental principles enshrined in Spanish legislation 191 (1) 4 Conclusions 191 (4) CHAPTER 12 Environmental Principles in the United Kingdom Richard Macrory and Ian Havercroft 1 Principles in UK legislation 195 (2) 2 Environmental principles in UK legislation and policy 197 (1) 3 Environmental principles in policy documents 198 (2) 4 Significant case law involving environmental principles 200 (12) 4.1 Polluter pays principle 200 (4) 4.2 The precautionary principle 204 (5) 4.3 Prevention at source 209 (1) 4.4 Producer or extended responsibility 209 (3) 5 Conclusions 212 (3) CHAPTER 13 Environmental Principles - Experiences of Transition Countries Gyula B��ndi 215 (10) CHAPTER 14 Environmental Principles, Modem and Post-modem Law Nicolas de Sadeleer 1 Introduction 225 (1) 2 Modern law 225 (2) 3 Post modern law 227 (4) 3.1 Dispersion of the law makers 228 (1) 3.2 Fragmentation of law 228 (1) 3.3 Acceleration of time 229 (1) 3.4 Decline of State authority 230 (1) 3.5 Increasing dependence of the law on extra-legal spheres 230 (1) 3.6 The undermining of the premises of modern law 231 (1) 4 Environmental principles represent the interface between modern law and post modern law 231 (4) 4.1 Enabling function 232 (1) 4.2 Directing function 233 (1) 4.3 Interpretrative function 234 (1) 4.4 Weighing the conflicting interests 235 (1) 5 Conclusions 235 (3) Table of Cases 238 (12) Index 250 (4) Contributors 254