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Introduction v <br/>Acknowledgements ix <br/> Table Of Cases<br/> xxiii <br/> PART I. The Study Of International Law On The Use Of Force<br/> <br/> What Do We Mean By the use of Force?<br/> 2 (20)<br/> The Classic Meaning of War<br/> 4 (3)<br/> International Law and the Use of Force by States<br/> 4 (2)<br/> Ian Browlie<br/> Naulilaa<br/> 6 (1)<br/> The End of ``War,``The Continuing Use of Force<br/> 7 (12)<br/> The U.N. Charter and the End of ``War''<br/> 7 (1)<br/> The Meaning of Armed Conflict<br/> 8 (1)<br/> Prosecutor V. Tadic<br/> 8 (2)<br/> Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua<br/> 10 (2)<br/> Initial Report on the Meaning of Armed Conflict in International Law<br/> 12 (2)<br/> The Meaning of the Use of Force<br/> 14 (1)<br/> The Red Crusader<br/> 14 (1)<br/> The Corfu Channel Case<br/> 15 (4)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 19 (3)<br/> Two Case Studies on the Use of Force<br/> 22 (72)<br/> The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait (1990)<br/> 22 (29)<br/> UN Security Council, 2932nd meeting, 2 Aug 1990<br/> 22 (6)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 660 (1990)<br/> 28 (1)<br/> Invading Iraqis Seize Kuwait and Its Oil: U.S. Condemns Attack, Urges United Action<br/> 29 (1)<br/> Iraq-Kuwait<br/> 29 (3)<br/> UN Security Council 2933rd meeting, 6 Aug 1990<br/> 32 (3)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 661 (1990)<br/> 35 (1)<br/> Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia<br/> 36 <br/> UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990)<br/> 35 (1)<br/> Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia<br/> 36 (2)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990)<br/> 38 (1)<br/> Amnesty International, Iraq/Occupied Kuwait Human Rights Violations Since 2 August, December 19, 1990<br/> 39 (2)<br/> Baker, Aziz Describe Six Hours of Talking Past Each Other<br/> 41 (1)<br/> U.S. and Allies Open Air War on Iraq, Bomb Baghbad and Kuwaiti Targets; ``No Choice'' but Force, Bush Declares<br/> 41 (1)<br/> Bush Calls Halt to Allied Offensive: Declares Kuwait Free, Iraq Beaten; Sets Stiff Terms for Full Cease-Fire<br/> 42 (1)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 686 (1991)<br/> 43 (3)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)<br/> 46 (4)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 688 (1991)<br/> 50 (1)<br/> The US-Led Invasion of Iraq (2003)<br/> 51 (41)<br/> Address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City<br/> 52 (3)<br/> UN Security Council, 4644th meeting, 8 Nov 2002<br/> 55 (7)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 1441 (2002)<br/> 62 (3)<br/> UN Security Council 4707th meeting, 14 Feb 2003<br/> 65 (2)<br/> Annan Says U.S. Will violate Charter if it Acts Without Approval<br/> 67 (2)<br/> Iraq: Resolution 1441<br/> 69 (2)<br/> Lord Goldsmith<br/> UN Security Council, 4717th meeting, 11 Mar 2003<br/> 71 (7)<br/> U.S. Begins Attack With Strike at Baghdad After Deadline for Hussein to Go Runs Out<br/> 78 (3)<br/> Operation Iraqi Freedom<br/> 81 (2)<br/> George W. Bush<br/> Letter from the United Kingdom to the Security Council<br/> 83 (1)<br/> Letter from the United States to the Security Council<br/> 84 (1)<br/> Pentagon Warns Iraq Not to Harm Prisoners<br/> 85 (1)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003)<br/> 86 (3)<br/> Saddam: The Capture/Sadadam Trial/Iraqus Eye Quick Execution, but Others Not So Sure<br/> 89 (1)<br/> Report of the International Cammitee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on the Treatment by the Coalition Forces of Prisoners of War and Other Protected Persons by the Geneva Conventions in Iraq During Arrest, Internment and Interrogation<br/> 89 (3)<br/> Notes and Questions<br/> 92 (2)<br/> What Is the Role of Law in the Use of Force?<br/> 94 (24)<br/> Is Law on Force Possible?<br/> 95 (8)<br/> Carl Von Clausewitz, The Maximum Use of Force<br/> 95 (1)<br/> Constraints on Warface<br/> 96 (1)<br/> Michael Howard<br/> Law, War, and Peace<br/> 97 (3)<br/> Quincy Wright<br/> Clinton Meets ``International Law'' in Kosovo Mary Ellen O`Connell, search and Seizure v. The Proliferation Security Initiative<br/> 100 (1)<br/> John R. Bolton<br/> Statement by President: Panama's Signing of Ship Boarding Agreement<br/> 101 (2)<br/> Resort to Force: Jus Ad Bellum<br/> 103 (6)<br/> Who Killed Article 2(4)?<br/> 104 (1)<br/> Thomas M. Frnck<br/> The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated<br/> 105 (2)<br/> Louis Henkin<br/> Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua<br/> 107 (2)<br/> Oil Platforms Case<br/> 109 (1)<br/> The Application of Force: Jus In Bello<br/> 109 (5)<br/> The Jus In Bello Vindicated<br/> 109 (5)<br/> Geoffrey Best<br/> The Interconnections of the Jus Ad Bellun and Jus In Bello<br/> 114 (1)<br/> The Relationship Between Ius Ad Bellum and Ius In Bello<br/> 114 (1)<br/> Christopher Greenwood<br/> Notes Questions,, and Problems<br/> 114 (4)<br/> PART II. The Historic Development Of International Law On The Use Of Force<br/> <br/> Restricting the Resort to Force<br/> 118 (44)<br/> From Rome to The Hague<br/> 118 (20)<br/> The Law of War and Peace<br/> 123 (4)<br/> Hugo Grotius<br/> The Articles of the Treaty of Peace, Sign'd and Seal'd at Munster, in Westphalia, October the 24th, 1648<br/> 127 (4)<br/> Vienna Congress Treaty<br/> 131 (2)<br/> The Carolne<br/> 133 (4)<br/> The Hague Convention of 1907 for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes<br/> 137 (1)<br/> From the Hague to Nuremberg<br/> 138 (21)<br/> The Covenant of the League of Nations<br/> 139 (5)<br/> Treaty Providing for the Renuciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy<br/> 144 (2)<br/> Trial of the Major War Criminals Befor the International Military Tribunal<br/> 146 (9)<br/> Goring<br/> 155 (2)<br/> Von Ribbentrop<br/> 157 (2)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 159 (3)<br/> Regulating the Application of Force<br/> 162 (60)<br/> From Rome (Again) to The Hague (Again)<br/> 162 (19)<br/> Extending the Laws of War<br/> 163 (4)<br/> Geoffrey Parker<br/> The Law of War and Peace<br/> 167 (2)<br/> Hugo Grotius<br/> The Lieber Code<br/> 169 (4)<br/> Ex Parte Milligan<br/> 173 (5)<br/> Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land<br/> 178 (3)<br/> From the Hague to Tokyo<br/> 181 (36)<br/> The Treaty of Versailles<br/> 182 (1)<br/> Captain Emil Muller<br/> 183 (6)<br/> Protcol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare<br/> 189 (1)<br/> Ex Parte Quirin<br/> 190 (6)<br/> Goring<br/> 196 (1)<br/> Donitz<br/> 197 (7)<br/> Yamashita v. Styer<br/> 204 (13)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 217 (5)<br/> PART III. The Contemporary International Law On The Use Of Force<br/> <br/> The Basic International Law and Institutions on Resort of Force<br/> 222 (52)<br/> The Charter's History<br/> 223 (8)<br/> Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations<br/> 224 (5)<br/> Stephen C. Schlesinger<br/> A Job Well Done: The Founding of the United Nations Revisited<br/> 229 (2)<br/> Reichard C. Edis<br/> Charter Rules<br/> 231 (8)<br/> UN charter, Chapter I Purposes and Principles<br/> 232 (3)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes<br/> 235 (1)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter VII Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression<br/> 236 (3)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter XVI Miscellaneous Provisions<br/> 239 (1)<br/> UN Organs<br/> 239 (11)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter III Organs<br/> 239 (1)<br/> The Security Council<br/> 239 (1)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter V The Security Council<br/> 240 (2)<br/> The General Assembly<br/> 242 (1)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter IV The General Assembly<br/> 242 (3)<br/> The Secretatiat<br/> 245 (1)<br/> UN Charter Chapter XV The Secretariat<br/> 245 (1)<br/> The International Court of Justice<br/> 246 (1)<br/> UN Charter Chapter XIV The International Court of Justice<br/> 246 (2)<br/> Regional Arrangements<br/> 248 (1)<br/> UN Charter, Chapter VIII Regional Arrangements<br/> 248 (2)<br/> 2005 World Summit<br/> 250 (22)<br/> UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES60/1 (2005)<br/> 250 (22)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 272 (2)<br/> Unilateral Action<br/> 274 (95)<br/> Self-Defense<br/> 274 (54)<br/> The Purpose of Defense<br/> 274 (1)<br/> The Corfu Channel Case<br/> 274 (6)<br/> Significant Armed Attack<br/> 280 (1)<br/> Security Council Consideration of a Complaint by Iraq, 8 June 1981<br/> 280 (6)<br/> UN Security Council Resolution 487 (1981)<br/> 286 (2)<br/> Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua<br/> 288 (4)<br/> The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002<br/> 292 (1)<br/> Extract from Debate in the British House of Lords, April 21 2004<br/> 293 (2)<br/> Against the Responsible Party<br/> 295 (1)<br/> Oil Platforms<br/> 295 (13)<br/> Legal Consequences of the Construction, of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory<br/> 308 (3)<br/> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo<br/> 311 (10)<br/> Necessity and Proportionality<br/> 321 (1)<br/> Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear-Weapons<br/> 321 (1)<br/> Oil Platforms<br/> 322 (3)<br/> Reporting<br/> 325 (1)<br/> Military and Paramilitary Activities<br/> 325 (3)<br/> Intervention<br/> 328 (37)<br/> Internal Conflicts<br/> 328 (1)<br/> The Legal Validity of Military Intervention By Invitation of the Government<br/> 328 (2)<br/> Louise Doswald-Back<br/> Panel: The Panamanian Revolution: Diplomacy, War and Self-Determination in Panama<br/> 330 (8)<br/> UN General Assembly Resolution 44/240 (1989)<br/> 338 (1)<br/> Congo Case<br/> 339 (7)<br/> Humanitarian Crises<br/> 346 (1)<br/> Humanitarian Intervention<br/> 346 (7)<br/> Ian Brownlie<br/> Humanitarian Intervention: A Reply to Ian Brownlie and a Plea for Constructive Alternatives<br/> 353 (9)<br/> Richard Lillich<br/> ``Paved with Good Intentions...''---Humanitarian War, the New Interventionism and Legal Regulation of the Use of Force<br/> 362 (3)<br/> Nehal Bhuta<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 365 (4)<br/> Collective Action<br/> 369 (64)<br/> United Nations Collective Action<br/> 369 (28)<br/> Peacekeeping<br/> 370 (1)<br/> Certain Expenses of the United Nations<br/> 371 (8)<br/> Peace Enforcement<br/> 379 (1)<br/> Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 53/35 The Fall of Srebrenica<br/> 380 (12)<br/> Darfur---UNAMID---Background (2007)<br/> 392 (3)<br/> Darfur's Political Process in ``Troubled States of Affairs'', New Generation in Sudan ``May Be Doomed to Life in Conflict'', Security Council Warned<br/> 395 (2)<br/> Collective Action Through Other (Non-UN) Arrangements<br/> 397 (32)<br/> Security Threats<br/> 397 (1)<br/> State Department Memorandum Legal Basis for the Quarantine of Cuba, October 23, 1962<br/> 397 (8)<br/> Reflections on the Lawfulness of Invasion<br/> 405 (1)<br/> Christopher C. Joyner<br/> Treaty Establishing the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States<br/> 406 (1)<br/> The Situation in Grenada<br/> 406 (1)<br/> Humanitarian Crises<br/> 407 (1)<br/> The ECOWAS' Operations in Liberia and Sierra Leona: Amnesty for Past Unlawful Acts or Progress towards Future Rules?<br/> 408 (5)<br/> Marco Gestri<br/> Security Council Backs Nigerian-Led Force in Liberia<br/> 413 (3)<br/> Legality of Use of Force<br/> 416 (13)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 429 (4)<br/> The Basic Law and Institutions on Application of Force<br/> 433 (77)<br/> Post-War Developments<br/> 435 (5)<br/> Geneva<br/> 436 (1)<br/> Frits Kalshoven<br/> The chaotic Status of the Laws of War and the Urgent Necessity for Their Revision<br/> 437 (3)<br/> Josef Kunz<br/> The Conventions<br/> 440 (59)<br/> The 1949 Geneva Conventions<br/> 440 (1)<br/> Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949<br/> 441 (5)<br/> Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949<br/> 446 (5)<br/> The 1954 Hague Convention<br/> 451 (1)<br/> 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict<br/> 451 (1)<br/> The 1977 Additional Protocols<br/> 452 (1)<br/> 1977 Geneva Protcol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts<br/> 453 (9)<br/> Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)<br/> 462 (3)<br/> Letter of Transmittal form Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America to the United States Senate<br/> 465 (2)<br/> An Appeal for Ratification by the United States<br/> 467 (6)<br/> Hans-Peter Gasser<br/> The 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<br/> 473 (1)<br/> The Evolution of the ICC: From the Hague to Rome and Back Again<br/> 474 (5)<br/> Leila Nadya Sadat<br/> 1998 Rome Statute of the International Court<br/> 479 (5)<br/> International Criminal Court (``ICC'')<br/> 484 (2)<br/> Knut Dormann<br/> Louis Maresca<br/> Customary IHL<br/> 486 (1)<br/> Study on Customary International Law: A Contribution to the Understanding and Respect for the Rule of Law in Armed Conflict<br/> 486 (13)<br/> Jean-Marie Henckaerts<br/> The International Commitee of the Red Cross<br/> 499 (4)<br/> Constraints on the Waging of War<br/> 501 (2)<br/> Fritz Kalshoven<br/> Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements<br/> 503 (1)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 503 (7)<br/> Civilians<br/> 510 (85)<br/> Civilian Status and Protections in Hostilities<br/> 511 (43)<br/> Prosecutor v. Stanislav Galic<br/> 511 (7)<br/> U.S. v. Calley<br/> 518 (10)<br/> Bankovic and Others v. The Contracting States also parties to the North Atlantic Treaty<br/> 528 (13)<br/> Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Commitee Established to Review the Nato Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<br/> 541 (13)<br/> Protections During Occupation<br/> 554 (37)<br/> Congo Case<br/> 554 (5)<br/> Beit Sourik Village Council v. I. The Government of Israel 2. Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank<br/> 559 (12)<br/> Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory<br/> 571 (18)<br/> Congo Case<br/> 589 (2)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 591 (4)<br/> Combatants<br/> 595 (70)<br/> Combatant Status and Detention<br/> 596 (50)<br/> The Taliban, Al Qaeda, and the Determination of Illegal Combatants<br/> 596 (7)<br/> George H. Aldrich<br/> Memorandum To: Members of the ASIL-CFR Roundtable From: William J. Haynes II, General Counsel of the Department of Defense Subject: Enemy Combatants<br/> 603 (1)<br/> Defense Subject: Enemy Combatants<br/> 603 (4)<br/> Hamdi v. Rumsfeld<br/> 607 (7)<br/> A, B v. Israel<br/> 614 (8)<br/> Hamdi v. Rumsfeld<br/> 622 (1)<br/> A, B v. Israel<br/> 623 (2)<br/> Prisoners of War Ethiopia's Claim 4 (Part 3), (Partial Award)<br/> 625 (11)<br/> The Director of Public Prosecutions vs T<br/> 636 (4)<br/> FM 34-52, Intelligence Interrogation<br/> 640 (1)<br/> Hamdan v. Rumsfeld<br/> 641 (5)<br/> Restrictions in Hostilities<br/> 646 (8)<br/> Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<br/> 647 (2)<br/> The Concept of ``Surrender'' in the Conduct of Combat Operations<br/> 649 (5)<br/> Command Responsibility<br/> 654 (7)<br/> Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic<br/> 654 (5)<br/> World's Political Will to Eradicate Evil is on Trial<br/> 659 (2)<br/> Steven Freeland<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 661 (4)<br/> Weapons<br/> 665 (76)<br/> Weapons of Mass Destruction<br/> 665 (41)<br/> Nuclear Weapons<br/> 665 (1)<br/> Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons<br/> 666 (18)<br/> Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty<br/> 684 (4)<br/> Biological Weapons<br/> 688 (1)<br/> The Shortcomings of Indeterminency in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention<br/> 688 (7)<br/> Jack M. Beard<br/> Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction<br/> 695 (2)<br/> Chemical Weapons<br/> 697 (1)<br/> Report of the Mission Dispatched by the Secretary General to Investigate the Use of Chemical Weapons<br/> 697 (7)<br/> Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction<br/> 704 (2)<br/> Conventional Weapons<br/> 706 (30)<br/> Landmines<br/> 706 (1)<br/> International Committee of the Red Cross, Banning Anti-Personnel Mines---The Ottawa Treaty Explained, 1998<br/> 706 (5)<br/> Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction<br/> 711 (1)<br/> Cluster Munitions<br/> 712 (1)<br/> Nout van Woudenberg, The Long and Winding Road Towards an Instrument on Cluster Munitions<br/> 712 (4)<br/> Convention on Cluster Munitions<br/> 716 (4)<br/> Suicide Bombs<br/> 720 (1)<br/> The New Terrorism and International Law<br/> 720 (12)<br/> Matthew Lippman<br/> International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing<br/> 732 (4)<br/> Notes, Questions, and Problems<br/> 736 (5)<br/>Conclusions 741 (4)<br/>Index 745 |
